Text-based exercises

Ex.8. Say which of the following issues are considered in the text. If they are, say to which paragraphs they belong.

- scour and frost heave,

- soil moisture content the main 2 kinds of foundations,

- different climatic problems,

- types of deep foundations and materials they are mage from,

- digging trenches for foundations,

- the settlement concerns,

- types of loads,

- types of shallow foundations,

- swelling and shrinkage of soils,

- bearing capacity,

- building in areas of permafrost,

- functions of the foundations.

Ex. 9. Arrange the sentences in the logical sequence of the text above.

a) Changes in the moisture content can cause expansive clay in the soil to swell and shrink.

b) Deep foundations are used to transfer the load from the structure through an upper weak layer of soil to a stronger deeper layer of soil.

c) Differential settlement occurs when one part of a foundation settles more than another part.

d) For permanent stability buildings should have foundations.

e) Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations.

f) Frost heave occurs when water in the ground freezes to form ice lenses.

g) In areas of permafrost the structure should be able to prevent the permafrost from melting.

h) Most types of ground can easily carry the load of a typical modern three-bedroom detached house with simple foundations.

i) Scour takes place when flowing water removes supporting soil from around a foundation.

j) Spread footing consists of strips or pads of concrete which extend below the frost line.

k) The foundation should not be loaded beyond its bearing capacity.

l) The slab-on-grade foundation transfers the weight of the building to the soil through a concrete slab at the surface.

m) The spread footing transfers the weight from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock.

n) The variation in swell can cause the soil to distort, cracking the structure over it.

o) There are different types of deep foundations including piles, drilled shafts, caissons, piers, and earth stabilized columns.

p) Total settlement and differential settlement are normally considered.

Ex.10. Divide the main part of the text into logically complete units. Find the key sentence in all the structurally meaningful passages of the text:

1.

2.

3.

4. …

Ex.11. Choose a sentence (two or three?) to elicit the main idea for each of the parts of the text.

Ex. 12. Give summary of the text. For each of the parts give the key statement and support it with the chosen additional information.

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