Grammar and vocabulary consolidation exercises

Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises

Ex 20. Match the words and word groups with the definitions

Words/word groups	Definitions
1. reinforced concrete	a. the upthrust and cracking of a ground surface through the freezing and expansion of water underneath
2. permafrost	b. weight of a structure, such as a building, also including any permanent loads attached to the structure.
3. cohesive soils	c. a foundation pile that supports weight vertically
4. bearing capacity	d. an arrangement of wooden boards, bolts, etc., used to shape reinforced concrete while it is setting
5. end bearing pile	e. the load which the ground can carry.
6. frost heave	f. downward movement of the ground, or any structure on it, due to soil consolidation, normally caused by the load applied by the structure.
7. dead load	g. sticky soil such as clay whose strength depends on the surface tension of capillary water
8. settlement	h. ground that is permanently frozen, often to great depths, the surface sometimes thawing in the summer
9. formwork	i. concrete with steel bars, mesh, etc., embedded in it to enable it to withstand tensile and shear stresses

Ex. 21. What do we measure in:

- metres, (km, cm, mm, etc),	- hours (seconds, minutes, days, etc.),
- square metres (km^2, cm^2, mm^2, etc),	- years,
- cubic metres (km^3, cm^3, mm^3, etc),	- degrees (º)
- km/hr.	- gram (kg, tonne)
- tree/ha	- pascals

(age, area, density, speed, length, power, temperature, time, volume, weight, pressure…)

Ex. 22. A) Do you know what is measured in the following British Imperial units of measurement? Can you compare them with the commonly used standard units? Consult reference books (the Internet, ‘conversions ’ in your telephone) in case you are not sure.

?	?	?
inch	ounce	acre
foot	pound	quart
mile	stone	gallon

Note: The system of imperial units or the imperial system (also known as British Imperial) is the system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824, which was later refined (until 1959) and reduced. The system came into official use across the British Empire. By the late 20th century, most nations of the former empire had officially adopted the metric system as their main system of measurement, although as of 2011 the United Kingdom had only partially adopted it.

B) Convert the following into the ISU measurement units:

6 foot 3; 50 miles; 2 ½ stones; 5 pounds; 12 gallons; ½ inch; 21 acres; 1.5 quart; an ounce and a half; a pint.

C) Can you use the correct abbreviations for the measurement units:

doz; ft; in; mi; pt; yd; ac; ha; sq mi; sq ft; sq in; cu in; cu yd; gal; oz; qt; lb; Pa; psi; sq m; cu m; MPa; KB; mph; pt; mg; ml; kW

Ex 23. Translate the sentences into Russian. Remember that the verb to be is used in different functions (as a notional verb, link verb, auxiliary or modal verb).

1. There are many different types of foundations in use. 2. The soil near the surface of the ground will also contain organic material and this top soil must never be used as a base for a foundation. 3. A foundation is a structure that transfers loads to the ground. 4. When considering settlement, total settlement and differential settlement is normally considered. 5. Differential settlement can cause problems to the structure the foundation is supporting. 6. The structure is designed in a way that tries to prevent the permafrost from melting. 7. Pile foundations are to beused widely in the northern regions. 8. The piles are submerged in water to protect the wood from destruc­tion. 9. Pyramidal piles are a progressive design of piles used in building. 10. Some foundations are built on a flat, concrete slab that provides both a base for the structure and the bottom floor of the house. 11. The exact dead and imposed loads are to be calculated. 12. The footing is generally wider than the foundation wall and is located about 12 inches below the frost line (the average depth at which soil freezes year after year). 13. The size and acceptable types of foundations are regulated by building codes. 14. A poured-concrete foundation may be either a raised perimeter foundation, a flat slab, or a combination of the two. 15. Foundation construction is an integral part of home building. 16. When it is necessary, as so frequently it is at the present, to erect gigantic edifices on weak soils, the highest constructive skill is required.

Ex 24. Insert the correct form of the verb in the Active or Passive voice.

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