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Different Means of Expressing Future Actions Compared
The Future Perfect § 43. The Future Perfect is an analytical form which is built In the interrogative form the first auxiliary verb is placed be- In spoken English the contracted form '11 is used with all the § 44. The Future Perfect is used to express an action accom- e.g. I daresay you'll have gone to bed by the time I've finished. The Future Perfect is not used very often owing to the fact § 45. All future actions are by nature hypothetical. Owing to § 46. The following is a description of different means of ex- 1) The Present Continuous is used to express a future action as e.g. She is coming to lunch on Thursday. Teddie is leaving here by the first train tomorrow. This use of the Present Continuous is also possible without e.g. It's Fred. He's going to Italy and wants to say good-bye. Some of these forms can be regarded as purely grammatical ways of expressing Note. Note that in questions beginning with when the Present Continuous a e.g. When is he coming? When are you going back? When the Present Continuous is used to refer an action to the With stative verbs the Future Indefinite should be applied to 2) The Future Continuous is also one of the means of express The difference between the Present Continuous used to denote e.g. We are meeting tomorrow (= we have arranged to meet tomor row, we have fixed the date of our meeting). 3) To be + infinitive (with to), like the Present Continuous, Since a previous arrangement is the basic meaning of this com- e.g. I've had a letter from home. I'm to go back at once. This autumn he is entering the Military College. He is to The meaning of obligation may become so strong that "to be + e.g. Milly, you are not to talk like that in front of the child. 4) To be going to + infinitive is an important means of refer- e.g. I'm not going to live at home. I'm going to say something dreadful to you, Dorothy. I'm going to tell him what I think of him. He's not going to make any concessions. Are you going to play tennis? What are you going to do about it? She's going to explain that tomorrow. Oh, I'm not going to marry for years yet. Note. The verb to go is actually not the Present Continuous here. It is the Although this means of referring an action to the future is fre- e.g. He's going to be a solicitor. Of course, the trip's going- to be wonderful. The verbs to go and to come are rarely found with the "going- e.g. Oh, are you going to Italy?
re you coming, Mother? b) It may also be used to show the speaker's feeling that the e.g. I don't know what is going to happen. "The next few years," said George, "are going to be a won- 5) The Present Indefinite is also an important means of ex- 6) The Future Indefinite. After all the other means of express- In the first place it should be pointed out that the Future In- With stative verbs the Future Indefinite is used to express e.g. His suggestion will interest you enormously. Don't bother, I shall manage all right by myself. We shall have some news for you to take to your people. The other means of expressing future actions are not common Although the number of stative verbs is limited, they are in With dynamic verbs the Future Indefinite is used freely only a) In the principal clause of a complex sentence with a clause of 1 In the subordinate clauses we find the Present Indefinite or the Present Perfect e.,g. "We shall catch the train if we start now," she insisted. You're the prettiest woman I've ever known and I shall say the same when you're a hundred. house. Other means of expressing future actions are uncommon in b) In passive constructions. e.g. He'll be voted down. My chief will be informed of your request. c) To express a succession of actions in the future. No other e.g. I shall prepare you a nice little dinner and then we'll leave you. I'll take a walk to the sea and on my way back I'll buy you a d) When the time of the realization of the action is indefinite e.g. We shall meet again one day. Such sentences often contain adverbial modifiers of indefinite e) To denote actions whose realization is uncertain, doubtful e.g. You mustn't cry. Please, don't, or I shall go to pieces. In this case we sometimes find such attitudinal adverbs in the e..g. They'll probably get a lot of satisfaction out of our quarrel. f) In object clauses after verbs (and their equivalents) express- e.g. He thinks a scandal will ruin his reputation. On the whole it should be noted that although other means of § 47. If dynamic verbs are used in the Future Indefinite under Thus shall preserves its original meaning of obligation, if e.g. I promise you, Arthur, that Harold shan't do anything about it. Shall also preserves its modal meaning when it is used in ask- e.g. Shall I bring you some coffee? Will (in print will or 'll is often used in affirmative sentences e.g. Г11 do what I can. I'll go wherever you take me. Will in sentences of this kind also shows that the speaker of- e.g. I'll go and get a drink for you. I'll wire to have the room ready for them. In affirmative sentences will with the 2nd and 3rd persons e.g. You will come here tomorrow not later than ten, Mr Lickcheese. In negative sentences will expresses refusal to perform an ac- e.g. I won't argue with you. He won't be ordered about. In general questions, direct and indirect, as well as in disjunc- e.g. Will you ask him to ring me back? The same is true of complex sentences with an if-clause in e.g. Oh, but we shall be delighted if you'll lunch with us. e.g. As she entered the room, the telephone rang. "That'll be your For a detailed treatment of the modal verbs shall and will see § 48. By way of exception to the above rules, dynamic verbs the Future Indefinite may be understood as an expression of neu- e.g. I shall dine in my own room. I shall leave you with your father for half an hour. This use of the Future Indefinite is found in formal announce- e.g. This is the weather forecast for the afternoon. A belt of de- §49. It stands to reason that sometimes the difference be- Cf. We are going to the pictures tonight. § 50. Note the use of the Future Indefinite in the following e.g. I'll ask you to excuse me. It won't do them harm to cool their heads a bit.
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