Refrigerating capacity

Abbreviations.

Reading scientific and technical literature we find shortened words or phrases, which are formed by leaving out or substituting letters. They are called abbreviations.

Here are some abbreviations one can meet in texts on refrigerating and cryogenic engineering:

adpapparatus dew point ambambient atmatmosphere avg average bpboiling point BRABritish Refrigeration Association bt.boiling temperature BTUBritish thermal unit BtuhBritish thermal units per hour cop coefficient of performance db.dry bulb dbt.dry bulb temperature DE direct expansion dp(t)dew point (temperature) fpsfeet per second ftfoot gpmgallons per minute hphorse power hrhour in inch lb libra, pound mpmelting point mtdmean temperature difference psipound per square inch rhrelative humidity rpmrevolutions per minute RT refrigeration ton RV relief valve sp gr specific gravity sp htspecific heat vvelocity vap prfvaporproof wt weight

точка роси апарату навколишнє середовище атмосфера середнє значення точка кипіння   Британська Асоціація Холоду температура кипіння Британська теплова одиниця британських теплових одиниць на годину холодильний коефіцієнт, тепловий коефіцієнт кулька сухого термометра температура за сухим термометром безпосереднє охолодження точка роси (температура точки роси) футів на секунду фут галонів на хвилину кінська сила година дюйм фунт точка плавлення середня різниця температур фунтів на квадратний дюйм відносна вологість обертів на хвилину тона охолодження запобіжний клапан питома вага питома теплоємкість швидкість паронепроникний вага

Read the abbreviations and give their meaning: viz., lb., psi., rpm., rh., db., Btuh, ft., hr., bt., bp., hp., RT, BRA

Translate the text using a dictionary:

The measure of the job done by a refrigerating machine is the rate of heat transfer to its evaporator or cold part, from the bodies or fluids which are being refrigerated. This rate of heat transfer will be called the refrigerating capacity.

1 Ton of Refrigeration = 12,000 Btu/h = 200 Btu/min

In terms of other units:

1 Ton of Refrigeration = 3516.85 W = 3023.95 kcal/h

Plant capacities in practice range from microwatts in very low temperature refrigerators to several megawatts in large plants.

The "Ton" is often used in general terms to indicate the order of size of a plant, e.g. a 100 Ton plant, or "fractional tonnage" plants (small commercial ones).

It also happens that at the temperature of evaporation and condensation used in air-conditioning, 1 Ton of refrigeration requires a power of about 1 horse-power, which gives a useful way of visualizing the size of a plant.

Other names for what is called refrigerating capacity above are also to be met, and one of these will be used from time to time, namely the refrigerating load. This also means the rate of heat transfer to the evaporator or cold part of the plant, but it places the emphasis on what the plant is asked to do rather than on what it can do. It will be said, for example, that the load is increased or decreased, that the temperature of the things being cooled, or the rate of heat transfer from them is increased or decreased. The refrigerating plant reacts to match the load, by an increase or decrease of the refrigerating capacity. This use of the word "load" is the same as its use in connection with engines. Applying load to an engine means making a demand for more power by increasing the torque, i.e. by attempting to stop the shaft turning. The engine reacts by giving more power, providing it is within its capacity to do so. At a steady state, with no acceleration, the power equals the load of course. But the difference of emphasis is clear: load is the demand which is made of the engine, power is what the engine gives.

Another term in use is refrigeration duty. It has at least two meanings. One is the same as refrigerating capacity, meaning the rate of heat transfer at a particular instant to the evaporator. Another meaning is the specified refrigerating capacity, i.e. what is asked for by the buyer of the plant, usually at a specified set of conditions. The conditions may be internal ones, such as evaporating and condensing temperatures, temperature of liquid at the expansion valve, and temperature of the vapour leaving the evaporator and entering the compressor. On the other hand, the conditions may be external ones: temperature of cooling water, rate of flow, temperature of cooled fluid and rate of flow, for example.

Finally, the term refrigerating effect is also in use, meaning either refrigerating capacity or the heat transfer to the evaporator associated with the passage of a certain amount of refrigerant.

Lesson C.

Speech Practice

AT AN OFFICE. В ОФІСІ.

a desk a drawer a swivel chair a desk set an intercom a desk lamp index cards, address cards stationery paper clips punch stapler (stapling machine) staple correcting paper correcting fluid for typing errors ink pencil sharpener fountain-pen felt tip pen ball-point pen adhesive tape dispenser desk diary file (document file)   filing cabinet   text liner, marker flip frame   eraser typewriter carbon paper flimsy patent pocket calculator   personal computer safe fax glue basket/bin for waste

/dro:/ /'swivl/ / ' t∫eə/     /'steipl/     /iŋk/   /'fauntin 'pen/   /'peitənt/     /'fæks/ /ɡLu:/

письмовий (робочий) стіл висувний ящик, шухляда обертаючийся стілець настільний письмовий комплект, набір переговорний пристрій настільна лампа картотека канцелярське приладдя скріпки діркопробивач зшивач скоба коректор для виправлення помилок при друкуванні чорнило точилка для олівців авторучка капілярна ручка кулькова ручка клейова стрічка настільний календар папка-швидкозшивач; підшиті документи висувні шухляди для зберігання папок маркер прозора обкладинка для документів, паперів гумка друкарська машинка копіювальний папір тонкий папір для копіювання патент кишеньковий калькулятор, мікрокалькулятор персональний комп'ютер сейф факс клей корзина для канцелярських відходів

Exercises:

Дата добавления: 2014-12-29