Types of software. 1. 1 read and translate the following words and word-combinations

PERSONAL COMPUTER

1.1 Read and translate the following words and word-combinations.

System software, application software, interact, a combination of two types of interface, a list of choices, a word-processing program, a menu of numbered choices, available menus, pictures and graphic symbols, a trash can, a method for dividing, variable-sized rectangles, at the same time.

1.2 Learn key words and word-combinations.

argument (n) – аргумент

command-driven interface – командно-керований інтерфейс

command-line interface – інтерфейс командних рядків

execute (v) - виконувати

file folder – каталог файлів

graphical user interface (GUI) – графічний інтерфейс користувача

icon (n)– піктограма

menu-driven interface – інтерфейс, керований через меню

menu bar – рядок меню

pop-up menu – спливаюче меню

prompt (v) – підказувати

provide feedback – забезпечувати зворотній зв’язок

pull-down menu –низхідне меню

request (v) – просити

user interface – інтерфейс користувача

window (n) – вікно

word-processing program – програма опрацювання текстів

WIMP (Window Icons Menus Pointers) – інтерфейс екранних вікон

1.3 Read and translate the text.

The broadest classifica­tions of software are system software and application software. System software includes

· Operating systems.

· Programming languages.

When using personal computer soft­ware, you interact with the user inter­face—the software that is responsible for passing information to and from the person using a program. The purpose of a user interface is to enable you to communicate with and control the computer. It takes your re­quests and distributes them to other parts of the program that perform the actual processing tasks. It also provides feedback to you while the software is running and provides output from the results of the processing tasks.

User interfaces differ in the way you give them commands. Interacting with software can be accomplished with a command-driven, menu-driven, or graphical interface, or a combination of two or more types of interfaces.

Command-driven interfaces re­quest or prompt you to type in a single letter, word, or line that is then trans­lated into an instruction for the program to follow. The typical command begins with a verb, such as COPY. The verb is followed by one or more words called argumentsthat specify in more detail what the command is to accomplish. For example, in the operating system command COPY OLDDATA NEWDATA, COPY is the verb, and the arguments are two file names separated by a space. When the command is executed, it cop­ies the data in the file named OLDDATA to the file named NEWDATA.

Menu-driven interfaces offer you a list of choices or options, called a menu, so that you can choose from several dif­ferent commands or functions. For ex­ample, a word-processing program might offer a menu of numbered choices. You type the number that cor­responds to your choice.

A popular form of menu-driven inter­faces uses two levels to provide more choices. At the first level, a menu bar provides a list of all the available menus. When you select a choice from the menu bar, a list of choices will drop down from the menu bar. This type of menu is called a pull-down menu.

Graphical user interfaces, often abbreviated GUIs, use pictures and graphic symbols to represent com­mands, choices, or actions. They often present the user with a graphic repre­sentation of a desktop, complete with pictures or icons of disks, a trash can, file folders, and programs. In addition, they provide windows—a method for divid­ing the display screen into variable-sized rectangles for viewing two or more appli­cations or parts of an application at the same time.

1.4 Find synonyms.

Individual, request, option, select, communicate, choice, specify, wide, personal, ask, divide, define, choose, interact, interpret, separate, accomplish, simultaneously, broad, translate, share, execute, at the same time.

1.5

Fill in the blanks with the words from the box.

1. A Macintosh ________ is called WIMP: Window, Icon, Mouse and a Pointer.

2. The ________ chips of a Macintosh contain libraries, that provide program developers with routines for generating windows, dialogue boxes, icons and pop-up menus.

3. Double-clicking opens ________ which contains programs, documents or further nestled windows.

4. A user interface is based on ________.

1.6 Explain the following terms in your own words.

Window, pull-down menu, icon, folder, scroll bar, trash can (basket),dialog box.

1.7 Translate into English off-hand.

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