History

The Thermionic (термоэлектронный) Valve or Vacuum Tube has a rich and interesting history steeped in lore and traditional values. It all started with the invention of the incandescent light bulb by Thomas Edison. On October 21, 1879, Edison introduced the modern age of light. In his laboratory the young man tensely watched a charred cotton thread glow for 40 hours in a glass vacuum bulb. In his search for a filament that would better than cotton thread, carbonized bamboo seemed most successful. The first lights were very short lived and were prone to darken. This darkening was termed the Edison effect. It was found that this darkening was the deposition of carbon onto the glass, except in the plane of the filament; where there was little deposition. Edison noticed that, with an extra electrode connected to the positive end of the filament, a small but measurable electric current flowed between them. He termed this device an Electrical Indicator.

From there, Sir John Ambrose Fleming worked to develop the first rectifier and in 1904, while working for the Marconi Company, he was faced with the problem of detecting weak wireless signals. He was inspired by his work with Edison’s lamps back in 1889 and decided to try inserting one of the lamps in an oscillatory circuit containing a galvanometer. He had found the solution to the problem of rectifying high frequency wireless circuits.

Fleming made many adjustments to his valve over the next few years. Some of these adjustments included tungsten filaments and the addition of a shield within the tube to eliminate electrically charged bodies from affecting the valve. He special ordered several types of specially designed lamps from Edison’s factory and continued his perfection of the valve. Fleming applied for a patent on January 25, 1908. The institution of the valve was almost immediate; being employed in several electrical devices soon after the development. One of the first receivers to use the valves was the Marconi-Fleming valve receiver. This was the start of the wireless revolution.

All of this set the ball rolling and the rest is history. Many different companies and many different countries aided in the development of the vacuum tube. Germany’s Telefunken produced some of the most reliable, best sounding tubes availiable. Brittain’s Mullard manufactured one of the finest EL34s in the world. United States RCA, GE, Sylvania, and many others all had qualities to add to the vacuum tube as well. The real history and lore (профессиональные знания) are sure to lie in the origins.

Note 1: “ set the ball rolling/set things in motion ” = begin a planned course of action;

Note 2: Light bulbs contain a partial vacuum, usually backfilled with argon, which protects tungsten filament.

15. Read the text on magnetron carefully. Use the text for your writing practice: rewrite the words from the text, which you recognize without a dictionary; write an aspect to the text.

1. Magnetron sputtering source operation is based on sputtering of target-cathode material during working gas ion bombardment procedure. Ions of working gas are generated in abnormal glow discharge plasma. As a result of this, secondary emission maintains a discharge and causes target sputtering. Magnetron sputtering system (MSS) is one of the diode sputtering schemes.

2. The main components of MSS are cathode, anode and magnetic system. They are used for plasma localization on the surface of target-cathode. Planar magnetrons are more widely used. Target-cathode is cooled down by flowing water, delivered through the pipeline. Magnetron sputtering allows creating films of different metals, alloys and semiconductor materials without stoichiometric (стехиометрический) impurity. Oxide, nitride, carbide, sulphite films can be created depending on working atmosphere formulation (proportion of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, gaseous sulphide). There is a nice opportunity to create films of the materials, which are impossible to create using thermal evaporation method.

3. Magnetron sputtering method with direct current strength doesn’t allow to create oxide films at high sputtering speed because of drastic oxidation of target cathode. In this case, the most appropriate action will be to use RF magnetron sputtering, which realizes and opportunity to sputter dielectric materials in magnetic field without stoichiometric impurity (без нарушения стехиометрического состава).

16. Grammar Tutorials.Translate the sentences. Define the grammar structures: Complex Subject, Complex Object. Pay attention to the underlined and marked out parts of the sentences.

1. Such a combination of electric and magnetic fields allowed sputtering to be performed at lower pressures and lower voltages.

2. The term PVD seems to have been originally termed in 1966.

3. Vacuum coating is known to offer more flexibility.

4. Vacuum technology development enables new industries to bebranched out every day.

5. The cavity version of magnetron proved to be far more useful.

6. Argon is sure to be used in coating tools and components.

Additional Activities: Miscellaneous

17. Translate the text into English. Use the words in brackets properly.

Напыление (sputtering) – это нанесение (deposit/apply) защитных (protect) и декоративных (decorate) покрытий распылением (spray) жидкого (liquid) или измельченного (refine) твердого (solid) вещества (substance) струей (jet) сжатого (compress) воздуха. Напыление широко применяется для лакокрасочных (lacquer-work) покрытий при металлизации (metal coating). Новая область напыления – плазменное нанесение (overlay) жаростойких (heat-resistant) металлических и неметаллических материалов на металлические изделия (article). Некоторые покрытия наносят испарением в вакууме (evaporate a metal coating in vacuum) или с помощью лазера.

18. Insert the words defining the following grammar forms, and then read the obtained text on the microwave oven.

a) integral, b) producing, c) used, d) economical, e) cooking,
f) electromagnetic, g) radioactivity, h) different, i) electric, j) construction

Microwave Oven

Microwave ovens are an 1 (---) part of the modern kitchen. Microwaves cook food by 2 (---) electromagnetic waves similar to the waves 3 (---) by radios, televisions and radars. Microwaves have a number of properties that make them safe and 4 (---) for 5 (---). Both the microwaves ovens and the vacuum ovens are leak tight. (герметичный).

A microwave is a short 6 (---) wave that travels in straight lines and at the speed of light. It is a non-ionizing wave and so does not alter the atomic structure of the substance it passes through, unlike x-rays, ultraviolet rays or nuclear radiation. Microwaves, therefore, have nothing to do with 7 (---).
A microwave oven consists of 8 (---) parts. The magnetron in the oven changes the 9 (---) energy into the electromagnetic or microwave energy.

Here is the 10 (---) of the microwave oven with the main constituent parts.

Match the English terms with the Russian ones

1) wave stirrer a) магнетрон

2) metal-lined door b) волновой смеситель

3) turntable с) поворотный стол

4) flexible cord d) проводник

5) plug e) гибкий шнур

6) transformer f) дверца

7) wave guide g) штекер

8) magnetron h) трансформатор

19. Remember: There are two kinds of description: A – Non-technical and B – Technical. Make the descriptions of the pictures below. The text on Vacuum-cleaner is given to you for help.

I. Home Appliances I: Microwave Ovens

DAEWOO KOR 630 A	LG MS – 2342 A

II. Home Appliances II: Vacuum-Cleaner

Vacuum cleaners are of two types: canister and upright. The canister type consists of a metal or plastic cylinder that holds the motor, the fan, and the bag that collects the dirt. A flexible hose with a nozzle is attached to the canister. Different removable nozzles are available to vacuum carpets, bare floors, furniture, and draperies.

The upright vacuum cleaner has a long handle and is pushed on wheels. The motor, fan, and a rotating cylindrical brush are located in one compartment. When the vacuum cleaner is switched on, the brush rotates by a belt, and air is drawn over it by the fan to carry dirt from the carpet and into a bag suspended from the handle. Some upright cleaners have attachments for other types of vacuuming.

Rug and carpet cleaners, powered by electricity, use concentrated liquid detergents added to water in a small tank. The detergents are applied to the rug and scrubbed with a brush until the lather has disappeared. When the rug is dry it is vacuumed to remove leftover dirt and detergent.

1. Electrolux	2. BSA 2877 Sphera Pro-Hygienic

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