Scan the biography of Michael Faraday. Put questions to the answers given below

Here are the abbreviations, numbers and relative atomic masses of the most often used materials in vacuum technology. Practice their reading. Make as many comparisons as possible. Think of some more metals used in vacuum technology.

Practice makes perfect. Translate the text on Vacuum history in a written form.

The Planets

The Moon is made of silver, Venus is made of copper

The Sun is made of gold Saturn is made of lead.

And Jupiter is made of tin, And Mars is made of iron,

So the ancients told. So the ancient said.

But what the Earth was made of

Very long ago

The ancients never told us

Because they didn’t know.

(By Eleanor Farjeon)

История развития физики, химии, и целого ряда отраслей промышленности тесно связана с развитием вакуумной техники. Так Герон из Александрии описывает приспособления, которые можно считать прототипами пневматических механизмов, которые позже использовались для создания разрежения. Первые опыты с вакуумом относятся к 40-м гг. 16 в. В 1654 немецкий ученый О. фон Герике поставил опыт с Магдебургскими полушариями, наглядно показав существование атмосферного давления. Насос, которым он пользовался, был первым насосом для получения вакуума.

Изготовление ламп накаливания (1879) вызвало дальнейшее развитие вакуумной техники. Значительный вклад в вакуумную технику внес немецкий ученый В. Геде. В 1905 он впервые применил вращательный ртутный насос.

Быстрое развитие вакуумной техники связано с развитием электроники и ядерной энергетики. Техника получения тонких пленок, особо чистых материалов для космических летательных аппаратов и испытания этих аппаратов в условиях, близких к космическим, стали возможны только благодаря высокому уровню развития современной вакуумной техники. В июне 1958 в Бельгии состоялся первый Международный конгресс по вакуумной технике, решением которого было создание Международного общества по вакуумной физике и вакуумной технике.

22. Engineer Tested. Aluminum, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Titanium, Yttrium, Zirconium are metals but Argon, Carbon, Hydrogen, Hydrocarbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbides, Borides, Silicides, Silicon are a) gases b) compounds c) organic elements d) atoms e) molecules… Make a choice. Give your arguments. Use: both…and, as well as, I think

Ti Titanium 22 47.90

Ar Argon 18 39.948

Al Aluminum 13 26.9815

Cu Copper 29 63.546

Ag Silver 47 107.868

Michael Faraday, (September 22, 1791 – August 25, 1867) was an English chemist and physicist (or natural philosopher, in the terminology of that time) who contributed significantly to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.

Faraday studied the magnetic field and established the basis for the magnetic field concept in physics. He discovered electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis. He established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology.

As a chemist, Faraday discovered chemical substances such as benzene, invented the system of oxidation numbers, and popularized terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion. It was largely due to his efforts that electricity became viable for use in technology.

His father, James Faraday, was a Yorkshire blacksmith who suffered ill health throughout his life. After the most basic of school educations, Faraday had to educate himself.

Faraday worked extensively in the field of chemistry, discovering chemical substances, liquefying gases such as chlorine. Faraday also discovered the laws of electrolysis. For these accomplishments, many modern chemists regard Faraday as one of the finest experimental scientists in history. His greatest work was with electricity. He discovered electromagnetic induction. In 1845 he discovered the phenomenon that he named diamagnetism, and what is now called the Faraday effect:

During his lifetime, Faraday rejected a knighthood and twice refused to become President of the Royal Society.

The famous Michael Faraday’s quotations are:

· “Nothing is too wonderful to be true.”

· “Work. Finish. Publish.” – his well-known advice to the young William Crookes.

· “The important thing is to know how to take all things quietly.”

· “But still try, for who knows what is possible.”

1. ________________________ No, he was a physicist.

2. ________________________ Yes, he does.

3. ________________________ He discovered chemical substances.

4. ________________________ He was a blacksmith.

5. ________________________ Modern chemists.

6. ________________________ He wasn’t ambitious.

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