Gastritis

TEST

1. What are the symptoms of acute bronchitis?

a) inflammation of the abdomen, purulent sputum

b) inflammation of the tonsils and throat

c) general weakness, headache

d) productive cough, hoarseness, chills, fever, rales in the lungs

e) sore throat edema of the uvula

2. The physical sings of chronic bronchitis consist chiefly of... in addition to signs characteristic to the associated primary conditions.

a) congestive heart failure

b) attack of respiratory infection

c) coarse or fine moist rales

d) sinusitis

e) emphysema of lungs

3.... middle life chronic bronchitis is a persistent and annoying disease

a) in

b) at

с) after

d) on

e) beyond

4. In persons... later life suffering from the prodromal stages of congestive heart failure "winter-cough" is frequently seen.

a) in

b) at

c) after

d) on

e) beyond

5. Acute bronchitis usually... as a secondary infection.

a) developed

b) develops

с) has been developing

d) was developed

e) is developing

6. The sputum, at first mucoit, usually... purulent and tenacious.

a) became

b) becomes

с) has become

d) had become

e) becoming

7. A few years ago primary emphasis... upon the pathologic changes which developed in the lungs.

a) has been placed

b) had become

c) was placed

d) was placing

e) is placed

8.... are the classical bacterial infections of the lungs?

a) where

b) when

c) who

d) what kind of

e) what

9.... the symptoms of bronchitis and pneumonia coincide?

a) does

b) are с do

d) is

e) were

10. Except in acute lobar pneumona, clinical findings rarely permit an etiological diagnoses to be made...

a) at a polyclinic

b) at the bedside

c) at a hospital

d) at a therapeutic department

e) at home

10. G A S T R I T I S
Pre-text exercises

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Catarrh [kә ´ta:]

Catarrhal [kә ´ta:l]

Indicreation [indis ¢kre∫әn]

Enteritis [entә ¢ raitis]

to superadd [s(j)u:pәr¢æd]

to supervene [s(j)u:pә¢vi:n]

pyorrhea [ paiә ´ riә]

diminution [dimi¢ nju: ∫әn]

lavage [´lævidʒ]

favour [´feivә]

Bicarbonate [bai 'ka:bənət]

Sodium [soudiəm]

Tumblerful ['tmbləful]

Adequate [' ædikwət]

Anorexia [ænə 'reksiə]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Catarrh – катар

Catarrhal – катаральное воспаление

Indicreation – неблагоразумный поступок, нескромность

Enteritis – энтерит

to superadd – добавлять сверх (чого-либо); дополнять

to supervene – прибавлять, дополнять

pyorrhea – выделение(истечение) гноя

diminution – уменьшение, сокращение

lavarge – лаваж, промывание, орошение

favour – поддерживать, благоприятствовать

Bicarbonate – двууглекислый

Sodium – натрий

Tumblerful – полный стакан

Adequate – соответствующий, достаточный

Anorexia – анорексия (отсутствие аппетита)

Throughout – по всему, повсюду

Exercise 3. Find the stem in the following words. Point out prefixes and suffices.

Excitement, scientific, triumphantly, source, aching, typhoid, cholera, disappear, survival, restless, sleepy, post-operative, doubtful, removal, midline, mucous, perfusion, curettage, avoidance, illegal, warning, blindness

Exercise 4. Form nouns from the given words with the help of the given suffices. Give some more examples of your own. Translate them into Russian.

-ness: weak, ill, polite, like…

-ment: develop, require, measure …

-ion(ation): examine, incise, oblige …

-al: remove, revive, arrive …

-ty(ity); ety(ity): cruel, stupid, artificial…

-ship: comrade, relation, ownership …

-ing: begin, feel, greet …

-ance(ence): differ, important, absent …

-hood: brother, child, mother …

-th: wide, deep, long …

Exercise 5. Form words with the help of negative prefixes:

Comfort, advantage, appear, fortunately, eatable, dependence, ability, patience, proper, logical, regularity, reversible, solve, proper, comfort, order, depend, dramatic, desirable, connect, possible, responsible, valid.

Exercise 6. Give Russian equivalents to the following English ones. Use them in sentences of your own.

catarrhal gastritis

indiscretions in food or alcoholic drinks

contaminated food

serious consequences

mastication of food

excessive secretion of mucus

absence of hydrochloric acid

essential in treatment

gastric lavage

administration of a teaspoonful

a tumblerful of warm water

in adequate amount

in chronic patients

Bad dietary habits

the next best substitute

Exercise 7. Match medical terms with the proper definitions:

1. Diarrhea   2. Enteritis   3. Anorexia     4. Diet   5. Mucus 6. Gastritis     7. Lavage 8. gastroenteritis 9. gastric juice 10. secretion

1. Washing out a body cavity, such as the colon or stomach, with water or a medical solution. 2. Inflammation of the small intestine, usually causing diarrhea. 3. Inflammation of the stomach and intestine. It is usually due to acute infection by viruses or bacteria or food-poisoning toxins and causes vomiting and diarrhea. 4. Frequent bowel evacuation or the passage of abnormally soft or liquid feces. 5. Inflammation of the lining (mucosa) of the stomach. 6. The liquid secreted by the gastric glands of the stomach. Its main digestive constituents are hydrochloric acid, mucin, rennin, and pepsinogen. 7. The mixture of foods that a person eats. 8. A viscous fluid secreted by mucous membranes. 9. Loss of appetite. 10. The process by which a gland isolates constituents of the food or tissue fluid and chemically alters them to produce a substance that it discharges for use by the body or excretes.

Exercise 8. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the sentences with Absolute Participle Construction.

In acute cholecystitis an attack of pain is usually preceded by physical and mental overstrain, sharp physical movements or abnormalities in diet, fatty food and alcohol being responsible for the onset of pain.

Of the total number of the patients forty-eight have been relieved of digestive symptoms, four having died of other pathologic condition.

Three patients have had symptoms of recurrence, one having died of a gastro-intestinal bleeding.

Pain may radiate to the right shoulder, right arm, sternum, and lumbar area, its intensity depending on the form of cholecystitis and the patient’s sensitivity.

Gastric and duodenal ulcers having been proved to result from disturbances in the central nervous system, the corticovisceral theory of pathogenesis of ulcer was developed.

Exercise 9. Read and translate the text:

Acute gastritis. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes. Common varieties in practice are the result of indiscretions in food or alcoholic drinks; but contaminated food, “chill" and scarlet fever in its acute stage may also induce very acute gastric catarrh. The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis. The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is vomiting and when enteritis is superadded diarrhea also supervenes.

Chronic gastritis. Chronic gastritis is regarded as an important and by no means infrequent disease. Accurate diagnosis is essential. It is important to treat this disease in as early a stage as possible, not only for the immediate disabilities which arise but still more for the serious consequences such as carcinoma, which may possibly result from it. Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such well-known causes as alcoholism, oral sepsis (especially pyorrhea) and deficient mastication of food (from bad habits or lack of teeth). The cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case which demand treatment are:

1. Vomiting, especially in the morning and associated always with an excessive secretion of mucus into the stomach.

2. Diminution or frequently complete absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice. The prime causes favoring continuation of the disease having been removed, the first essential in treatment is gastric lavage carried out always before breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, before meals. Treatment by lavage is continued until improvement is manifest when its use can be gradually discontinued. If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration of a teaspoonful or more of sodium bicarbonate in a tumblerful of warm water in the morning and again before meals throughout the day.

Hydrochloric acid is so commonly greatly diminished or absent in an untreated case of chronic gastritis that some effort is generally made to remedy the deficiency. It is known that after gastric lavage for some weeks the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently returns in adequate amount.

3. Anorexia is common in chronic patients especially in the morning when there is a great excess of mucus in the stomach. Later in the day the appetite generally improves. Bad dietary habits are common in these patients. The prescribed diet should be arranged so that attractive small meals are provided at frequent intervals.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 10. Answer the following questions.

1. What causes may induce acute gastritis?

2. What may cause acute gastroenteritis?

3. What are the cardinal symptoms of acute gastritis?

4. Is it important to treat acute gastritis in as early a stage as possible? Why?

5. What does the treatment of chronic gastritis consist of?

6. What cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case demand treatment?

7. When does vomiting in chronic gastritis usually occur?

8. What acid is frequently absent in the gastric juice in chronic gastritis?

9. What is the first essential in treatment of chronic gastritis?

10. When does the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently return to adequate amount?

11. When does anorexia occur?

12. What diet should be arranged for the patients with bad dietary habits?

Exercise 11. Complete the following sentences using the text.

Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to…

Common varieties in practice are the result of indiscretions in…

… may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis.

The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is … is superadded diarrhea also supervenes.

… is essential.

Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such well-known causes as …

Vomiting… and associated always with an excessive secretion of mucus into the stomach.

If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration … in the morning and again before meals throughout the day.

Anorexia is common in chronic patients especially in the morning ….

…should be arranged so that attractive small meals are provided at frequent intervals.

Exercise 12. Read the sentences and say whether the following ones are true to the text:

Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes.

The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute cholecystitis.

The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is belching and when enteritis is superadded constipation also supervenes.

Chronic gastritis is regarded as an important and by no means frequent disease.

Much of the treatment of chronic gastritis is essentially prophylactic.

The cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case which demand treatment are vomiting, diminution and anorexia.

Vomiting occurs especially in the morning and is always associated with an excessive secretion of blood into the stomach.

Diminution or frequently complete presence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice.

Gastric lavage carried out always after breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, after meals.

Treatment by lavage is continued until improvement is manifest when its use can be gradually discontinued.

Exercise 13. Explain the following diseases in English:

Acute gastritis; peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis; pancreatitis, enteritis; gastroenteritis

Exercise 14. Translate the following word combinations.

Ряд причин, полное отсутствие соляной кислоты, вредные привычки, злоупотребление алкогольными напитками, чрезмерная секреция слизи, выполнять орошение полости, проявлять улучшение, полный стакан тёплой воды, в течение дня, соответствующее количество жидкости, улучшать аппетит, профилактическое лечение, выделение гноя из полости, энтерит, никоим образом.

Exercise 15. Put questions to the underlined members of sentences.

Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes.

The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis.

Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such well-known causes as alcoholism, oral sepsis and deficient mastication of food.

The first essential in treatment is gastric lavage.

Gastric lavage is carried out always before breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, before meals.

It is known that after gastric lavage for some weeks the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently returns in adequate amount.

Later in the day the appetite generally improves.

If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration of a teaspoonful or more of sodium bicarbonate in a tumblerful of warm water in the morning and again before meals throughout the day.

Exercise 16. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate forms of Participles. Translate them into Russian.

The patient (to survive) the operation well, the danger of peritonitis was eliminated.

Cholecystitis is known to occur rarely in isolated condition, inflammatory process both in the intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts, sometimes with the involment of the liver (to aassociate) with it.

The biochemical blood analysis is known to reveal some changes, they (to result) from the effect of toxic substances in the liver.

Recovery is achieved by surgical treatment, it (to follow) by prolonged antibiotic therapy and chemotherapy.

My friend (to suffer) from a severe toothache, I advised him to go to the dentist.

Exercise 17. Translate into English:

Когда была сделана срочная операция по поводу гангренозного аппендицита, у больного были сняты все болезненные симптомы.

Когда обильное желудочное кровотечение было остановлено, была устранена опасность для жизни больного.

Так как нарушения пищеварения присутствовали длительное время, пациенту назначили строгую диету, несодержащую жиры.

Когда врач пальпировал печень, болезненность отмечалась на три пальца ниже реберного края.

Нарушения функций печени и жёлчных протоков часто обнаруживаются после заболеваний желудочно-кишечных заболеваний, причём проявляется чаще всего гастрит.

Так как наружное кровотечение было сильным, больного немедленно отвезли в больницу.

Иногда желчнокаменная болезнь сопровождается осложнениями, причем развитие холецистита является наиболее частыми.

После того, как хирург обнаружил опухоль в надчревной области, была назначена срочная операция.

Так как оставалось еще полчаса до операции, пациента еще раз осмотрел врач.

Если прободная язва двенадцатиперстной кишки сопровождается обильным кровотечением, срочно назначают операцию.

Exercise 18. Speak about:

Acute gastritis.

Chronic gastritis.

Cardinal symptoms of them.

Treatment of Acute gastritis and Chronic gastritis.

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