Structural patterns. 1. Here is the scheme he hit on:

NOTES

1. Here is the scheme he hit on:

The verb to hit upon (on) here means to find by chance, come upon.

The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English edited by A. S. Hornby registers this meaning together with five other1" comprising the semantic structure of the verb to hit.

A comparison of the meanings within the semantic structure of the verb may give an idea of different types of meaning. So far no general or complete scheme of types of meaning has been accepted by linguists. However, some terms seem to be more commonly employed in books than others.

The first meaning of the verb to hit - to give a blow, a stroke to is generally termed the direct meaning as it names the action itself and can be understood without the help of a context, in isolation.

Meanings 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, unlike the first one, are bound by the context, although they are somewhat dependent on the first meaning. These are derivative meanings.

• to be hit by financial losses - to suffer from...
• to hit the right path - to find...
• to hit upon the right answer - to suddenly find the correct solution

From the point of view of frequency of occurrence in speech one can distinguish basic meaning (the most frequent one) and minor meanings (less frequent ones).

The importance of distinguishing different types of meaning in learning and teaching a foreign language can't be overlooked. At the initial stage of language learning, the direct and most frequent meanings are usually taken into consideration, while at a more advanced level attention is paid to derivative and less frequent meanings.

It is the derivative meanings of the verbs to hit, to strike and to stick that are dealt with in the vocabulary of Unit Four.

2.... an awfully pretty melody...

Awfully in this phrase is a colloquial variant of the neutral adverb very.

Colloquialisms make up a special layer in the English vocabulary as opposed to neutral and literary words.

The majority of colloquial words and set-up expressions have synonyms in the neutral layer of the vocabulary, e.g. kid -child; daddy - father; go on - continue; get out - go away; just a bit - very little.

As compared with their neutral synonyms colloquialisms haVe a definite emotional colouring which makes them very expressive.

1. Would + Infinitive in Simple Sentences... it would be very hard for him to rest there in the city.

In simple sentences would + indefinite or perfect infinitive generally denotes an unreal action (the Analytical Subjunctive). The indefinite infinitive refers the action to the present or future, the perfect infinitive - to the past.

You would not have me in the house, I'd be very irritable.

Вы бы не потерпели меня у себя в доме, я был бы очень раздражительным.

A month ago I would have doubted the truth of the story.

Месяц назад я бы усомнился в правдивости этой истории.

Note: the phrases I should (would) think (have thought), I should (would) say (have said) are common and are generally used to lend the sentence a milder and more polite form. Their use in this case differs from the use of the Indicative Mood only stylistically.

"I should think," said Mrs. Thayer, "it would be very hard for. him to rest there in the city."	"Я полагаю, - сказала миссис Тейер, там в городе ему было бы трудно отдохнуть".
"How long did you wait?" - "I would say a good five minutes."	"Сколько времени вы ждали?" - "Пожалуй (я бы сказал), не менее пяти минут".

2. Need + Infinitive

Не needn't tell anybody where he is.

The modal verb need denoting necessity is used only in negative and interrogative sentences. The time reference of the action is shown by the form of the infinitive.

The indefinite infinitive refers the action to the present; the per--fect infinitive refers it to the past.

Need + perfect infinitive expresses an action which has been performed though it was not necessary. It implies a waste of time and effort.

You needn't switch off the radio, I'm not going to read.	Можете не выключать радио. Я не собираюсь читать.
Need you be so irritable?	Стоит ли так раздражаться?
You needn't have bought the book (but you did). It is available at the library.	Вам не надо было бы покупать эту книгу. Она есть в библиотеке.
You needn't have sent us the - telegram (but you did). We knew you were coming on Friday.	Не стоило (не надо было) присылать нам телеграмму. Мы знали, что вы возвращаетесь в пятницу.

Note: Didn't have to do smth shows that the action did not take place.in the past because it was unnecessary.

I didn't have to buy the book as I had it at home.	Мне не пришлось (не надо было) покупать эту книгу, так как она была у меня дома.
I didn't have to send them a telegram for they knew I was coming on Friday.	Мне не пришлось (не надо было) посылать им телеграмму, потому что они знали, что я приезжаю в пятницу.

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