Forest Cadastre

Text 7D

Прочтите и письменно переведите на русский язык текст 7Д.

One can see on the example of the forest cadastre that foreign methods introduced in Russia developed not only in the different social and cultural context, but even in the administrative and management environment.

Navy building had been one of the main priorities of Peter I reign. The regular forest surveys were ordered in 1703. Soon all the timber forests of European Russia - from the Baltic Sea to the Volga were managed by the Admiralty. It meant not only the forests of the crown but also private, common and clergy forests. It became illegal to the owners to cut their timber if not suitable for the navy. The historiographer of the Ministry of State Property Lev Zakharov considers it to be the nationalization of forest resources. Only at the reign of Ekaterina II liberalization of the forest status took place and in 1802 Forest Department became the body of the Ministry of Finances.

All the timber forests were examined and mapped by the officers. All the oaks, lime-trees and pines were counted and measured. It was a forest doomsday indeed. Hundreds of large-scale maps and charts, accompanied with tabular statistics were prepared. Later these documents served as the source for general forest atlases such as well-known "General Atlas of various kinds of forests" from the Hermitage Collection of Manuscript Department of the National Library in Petersburg. These surveys were carried out even where forests were never used later.

The fact that forest surveys were surprisingly detailed and exact so deserved special attention. Taking into consideration that large-scale mapping had been new in the practice of Russian state management, we could see the importance of forest surveys for Peter's administration. It makes clear the great shipbuilding plans of Admiralty and Peter himself, this "Sailor and carpenter", as he was called by Pushkin. The mapped resources of timber forests were much more than the real forest consumption and shipbuilding had ever been at that time or later.

The technology of the forest mapping is well known. It was largely borrowed from the western mapmaking. The aim of Peter's cadastres – navy building – is similar to the one of Colbert's, who managed the French crown estates at the same way. But if the Colbert cadastres managed only forests of the crown, all the Russian forests in practice belonged to the crown for almost a century after implementation of Peter's cadastre. This nationalization seems to have nothing in common with European management of natural resources.

Land cadastres could be opposed to the forest ones. Highly developed in the XVI-XVII th centuries, it degraded during Peter's reign. The reason for it was not the tax reform, but the transformation of feudal state into highly centralized bureaucratic system. Regular land surveys did not take place any more despite the fact that landed nobility remained the source for recruiting military and civil statesmen. The land property of nobility giving them independence was considered as an obstacle to their state service. The implementation of obligatory strict forms of state service for nobility is a confirmation of this statement.

Despite the large map surveys of Peter's geodesists in the internal provinces of Russia, where most of land estates were situated, these maps do not reflect land property rights, as well as land use and evaluation. These documents are similar to the later surveys of Russian frontier and colonial territories of Crimea, Siberia, Mid-Asia. The main aim of those is the use of maps for the effective state management and the search for additional natural resources.

The emergence of "resource" paradigm in Russian geography and implementation of resource cadastres instead of tax ones is the result of Peter's modernization. For long time till now these traits of Russian geographical knowledge remained linked with the active reforms carried out by the central power. Though the scientific basis of forest cadastre of Peter I – the most remarkable of his cadastres – had been borrowed from the European science, this stresses the original way of natural resources management.

Lesson 8. CADASTRAL AND LAND REGISTRATION SYSTEMS IN EUROPE

1. Прочтите следующие слова:

Methodically, colleagues, boundary, certain, majesty, zoom, announce, complete, widespread, digital, session, authority, Gazeteer, consequence, emerge, arrange, aforementioned, validity.

2. Прочтите и переведите следующие группы слов:

Within a certain country; use and implementation throughout Europe; to maximize the efficiency; Valuation Office Agency; complete digital database; e-Business strategy; relatively uniform cadastral surveys; unique definition; certificate of title; less pronounced; must be surveyed and demarcated; objects of taxation; greatest achievements; the cradle of the European cadastre' under the umbrella.

3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

aforementioned countries – вышеупомянутые страны

agreement (n.) – соглашение, договор

application (n.) – заявление, обращение

assessor (n.) – эксперт, консультант, чиновник, оценщик

assign (v.) – определять, предназначать

attain (v.) – достигать, добиваться

bind (bound) (v.) – связывать, ограничивать

blow (v.) – дуть

book (v.) – регистрировать, записывать

compile (v.) – составлять, собирать

conventional (adj.) – условный, традиционный

cradle (n.) – колыбель, начало, исток

database (n.) – база данных

deadline (n.) – крайний срок, черта, за которую нельзя переходить

delay (v.) – задерживать

devolve (v.) – передавать (полномочия, обязанности)

doubtful (adj.) – сомнительный

embark (v.) – грузить, вступать

emerge (v.) – появляться, всплывать

empower (v.) – уполномочивать

endure (v.) – выносить, длиться, продолжаться

exert (v.) – напрягать, осуществлять

Gazeteer (n.) – географический справочник

her majesty – её величество

homogenous (adj.) – одинаковый, однородный

identical (adj.) – идентичный, одинаковый

impelling reason – побудительная причина

insufferable (adj.) – нетерпимый

insupportable (adj) – невыносимый

introduce (v.) – внедрять

inventory of data – опись, инвентаризация, переучет данных

jointly (adv.) – совместно

large-scale mapping – крупномасштабное картирование

license (v.) – лицензировать

loosely (adv.) – свободно

obstacle (n.) – препятствие, помеха

organizational frameworks – организационные рамки

pan (v.) – подготовить, подвергнуть резкой критике

pronounce (v.) – заявлять, произносить

recent (adj.) – недавний, последний, современный

registrar (n.) – архивариус, регистратор

reliability (n.) – надёжность

remain (v.) – оставаться

search (n.) – поиск, исследование

similarity (n.) – схожесть

trait (n.) – штрих, черта

unification (n.) – объединение

uniform (adj.) – однообразный, единый, постоянный

verbal description – устное описание

wealth (n.) – благосостояние

widespread (adj.) – широко распространенный

zoom (v.) – изменить

4. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст:

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