Some European experience

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The main development of cadastral and land registration systems has taken place in Europe. Even though times and conditions have changed, some lessons might be drawn from these European experiences.

The cadastre will be largely worthless unless it is substantially complete within a particular geographical area. One of the greatest achievements of the Napoleonic cadastre was that from the very start, and regardless of the nature of the land, it provided a complete record of all land units within the area – including unique identification – and defined these units on comprehensive maps. To attain this goal, cadastres and land registers must be kept simple, and must be concentrated on the essentials. Furthermore, the work must have a solid foundation. Even if conditions are changed over time, if new aspects have become relevant, if new political winds have started to blow, the process must still continue along the same main lines until it is finished. Costs must be kept reasonable in relation to expected medium-term benefits. This is more important than producing a product which is technically perfect. There are many examples in Europe of cadastral systems which have been stopped or delayed because of faltering political support. Even in France – the cradle of the European cadastre – it was difficult to complete and maintain the cadastre.

Cadastres were created with the aim of improving the basis for land taxation, and land register were established to make land transactions more secure. Initially they were independent of each other, but they have become increasingly interrelated, and are used with increasing frequency for purposes other than the original ones. It has taken a long time, however, for most European countries to reach this point. Difficulties arose since the original records were not designed as parts of common information systems, and because their maintenance was entrusted to different organizations. It is, therefore, essential that the goals of multiple usage and integration will be adopted the conception of a modern cadastral/land information system.

If land records develop along these lines, the chosen cadastral unit will become important in many connections. If legal land registration, as well as other land records are based on the same unit, the unit will assume considerable legal and practical importance. In most countries with well-developed cadastral/land information systems, subdivision or other changes in the cadastral unit require formal legal proceedings and, as a rule, re-surveying. Private changes or subdivisions made without formal proceedings are not accepted or given legal status. A conclusion drawn from European experiences is that the land unit tends to become a legal entity protected by law.

A cadastre/land register must cover an entire geographical area in order to provide essential benefits from a public point of view. Seen from the viewpoint of the private owner, even a sporadic register can be useful, as it can provide protection for his interests.

Finally, the rapid rate of change in existing European systems, especially during the last two decades, shows clearly that the design of cadastral/land registration systems must be future oriented. This applies to technical aspects as well as to the fundamental principles of the system. Less-developed countries must, therefore, carefully consider and evaluate all experiences which can be obtained from other countries. An example is automation. It is often doubtful whether it should be introduced from the beginning. Today's systems and structures must be planned in such a way that necessary changes are easy to make tomorrow.

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