Questions
Main rules:
When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:
· pronouns
· present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
· place and time expressions
· tenses changes
Also note that you:
· have to use the structure of affirmative sentence after wh questions
· have to use the interrogative or if / whether
· have to omit words and expressions as please, well, ohetc
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Requests
· Transforming questions, check whether you have to change:
pronouns
· place and time expressions
· For requests – simply use to‘ + infinite verb. She said, “Say hello to your mum”. – She asked me to say hello to my mum. · For negative requests, use not to + infinite verb. He said, “Don’t give up, Bob”. – He advised Bob not to give up. Use the Present Tense to report a conversation that is still going. Direct statement: He said “I am fine”. Reported statement Tom says / writes that he is fine. |
Additional information and exceptions
Note there are some aspects that you should keep in mind, for example:
· main clauses connected with and / but
· tense of the introductory clause
· reported speech for difficult tenses
· exceptions for backshift
· requests with must, should, ought to and let’s
Main Clauses connected with and / but
If two complete main clauses are connected with ‚and‘ or ‚but‘, put ‚that‘ after the conjunction.
He said, «I saw her but she didn’t see me. “ – He said that he had seen her but that she hadn’t seen him. “
If the subject is left out in the second main clause (the conjunction is followed by a verb), do not use ‚that‘:She said, «I am a nurse and work in a hospital. “ – She said that she was a nurse and worked in a hospital. “
Tense of the Introductory ClauseThe introductory clause usually is in the Past Tense.
He said that …
The Present Tense is often used to report a conversation that is still going on, e. g. during a phone call or while reading a letter:
“I am fine. “ – Tom says / writes that he is fine.
The introductory clause can also be in another tense. In the following table you can see, for which tense of the introductory clause you have to use backshift in reported speech.
Table of use tense change in the reported speech
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