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Ways of transforming place and time expressions into reported speech




Direct Speech Reported Speech
today that day
now then
yesterday the day before
… days ago … days before
last week the week before
next year the following year
tomorrow the next day / the following day
here there
this that
these those
Questions Main rules: When transforming questions, check whether you have to change: · pronouns · present tense verbs (3rd person singular) · place and time expressions · tenses changes Also note that you: · have to use the structure of affirmative sentence after wh questions · have to use the interrogative or if / whether · have to omit words and expressions as please, well, ohetc
  Direct Speech Reported Speech
Statement He said: “She lives in London.” He said that she lived in London.”
Question with a wh question He asked: Where does she live? He asked where she lived.
Question without a wh question He asked: Does she live in London? He asked if she lived in London. He asked whether she lived in London.
Requests · Transforming questions, check whether you have to change: pronouns · place and time expressions
Type Example
Direct Speech Mike, speak English.
Reported Speech He told Mike to speak English

· For requests – simply use to‘ + infinite verb.

She said, “Say hello to your mum”. – She asked me to say hello to my mum.

· For negative requests, use not to + infinite verb.

He said, “Don’t give up, Bob”. – He advised Bob not to give up.

Use the Present Tense to report a conversation that is still going. Direct statement: He said “I am fine”. Reported statement Tom says / writes that he is fine.

Additional information and exceptions Note there are some aspects that you should keep in mind, for example: · main clauses connected with and / but · tense of the introductory clause · reported speech for difficult tenses · exceptions for backshift · requests with must, should, ought to and let’s Main Clauses connected with and / but If two complete main clauses are connected with ‚and‘ or ‚but‘, put ‚that‘ after the conjunction. He said, «I saw her but she didn’t see me. “ – He said that he had seen her but that she hadn’t seen him. “ If the subject is left out in the second main clause (the conjunction is followed by a verb), do not use ‚that‘:She said, «I am a nurse and work in a hospital. “ – She said that she was a nurse and worked in a hospital. “ Tense of the Introductory ClauseThe introductory clause usually is in the Past Tense. He said that … The Present Tense is often used to report a conversation that is still going on, e. g. during a phone call or while reading a letter: “I am fine. “ – Tom says / writes that he is fine. The introductory clause can also be in another tense. In the following table you can see, for which tense of the introductory clause you have to use backshift in reported speech. Table of use tense change in the reported speech
No tense change if introductory clause is in … Tense change if introductory clause is in …
· Simple Present (He says …) · Present Perfect (He has said …) · Future Simple (He will say …) · To be going to (He is going to say …) · Simple Past (He said …) · Past Perfect (He had said …) · Future Perfect (He will have said …) · Conditional (He would say …) · Conditional (He would have said …)

 




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