Press in the USA

TEXT B

I. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту Т (True), а какие нет – F (False):

1. American newspapers are published in 34 different languages.

2. Most daily papers in the USA are of the popular variety.

3. Most daily newspapers are distributed locally or regionally.

4. There are some official or government – owned newspapers in the USA.

5. American newspapers not only print newspapers, but also collect and sell news and photographs to hundreds of other papers in the USA and abroad.

6. The world's largest news agencies are owned, controlled or operated by the government.

In 1986 a total of 9 144 newspapers (daily, Sunday, weekly) appeared in the USA. Newspapers are published in 34 different languages. Most daily papers in the USA are of the «quality» rather than the «popular» variety. Among the 20 newspapers with the largest circulation only two or three regularly feature crime, sex and scandal. The paper with the largest circulation, «The Wall Street Journal», is a very serious paper indeed. It is often said that there is no «national press» in the United States as there is in Great Britain, for instance. In one sense this is true. There are no official or government-owned newspapers in the USA. There is no state censorship, that is, court or judges cannot stop a story from being printed or published. Most daily newspapers are distributed locally, or regionally. People buy one of the big city newspapers in addition to small local ones. A few of the best-known newspapers, such as «The Wall Street Journal» can be found throughout the country. There has been one attempt to publish a truly national newspaper, «US Today». But it has only a circulation of 1,2 million and can only offer news of general interest.

In another sense, however, there is a national press, one that comes from influence and the sharing of news. Some of the largest newspapers, such as «The New York Times», «The Washington Post» and «The Los Angles Times» are at the same time news-gathering businesses, or news services. They not only print newspapers, but also collect and sell news, news features and photographs to hundreds of other papers in the USA and abroad. These newspapers have great national and international influence, spreading far beyond their own readers. In addition, these newspapers and others, such as «Christian Science Monitor», «The Baltimore Sun» оr the «Milwaukee Journal» are frequently mentioned among papers of international excellence. In a large international survey of newspaper editors, «The New York Times» was ranked by most as «the world's top daily».

American newspapers get much of their news from the same source as all newspapers in the world – the two world’s largest news agencies AP (Associated Press) and UPI (United Press International). Neither of them is owned, controlled or operated by the government. They have thousands of subscribers – newspapers, radio and television stations and other agencies which pay to receive and use the news and photographs in more than 100 countries of the world.

II. Выберите английский эквивалент для следующих русских слов:

1. появляться

a) appearance b) appear c) attend d) attendance

2. например

a) instant b) instead c) for instance d) instance

3. цензура

a) census b) censor c) century d) censorship

4. местный

a) local b) locality c) locally d) localize

5. попытка

a) attitude b) agreement c) advanced d) attempt

6. влияние

a) influence b) influential c) informal d) independence

7. печатать

a) to publish b) to prove c) to predict d) to print

8. собственный

a) owner b) owing c) own d) owe

III. Заполните пропуски, используя следующие предлоги:

a) in b) for c) from d) to e) by

1. It is said that there is no «national press» in the United States as there is in Great Britain, … instance.

2. People buy one of the big city newspapers … addition to small local ones.

3. Some of the largest newspapers collect and sell news, features and photographs … hundreds of other papers in the USA and abroad.

4. American newspapers get much of their news … the same source as all newspapers in the world.

5. The two world’s largest news agencies are not owned, controlled or operated … the government.

IV Найдите в правой колонке русский эквивалент для английских словосочетаний:

1. it is often said	a) распространение новостей
2. a government owned newspaper	b) бизнес «сбора новостей»
3. to offer news of general interest	c) выходить далеко за пределы
4. the sharing of news	d) часто говорят
5. a news gathering business	e) к тому же, вдобавок
6. a news service	f) газета международного класса
7. to spread far beyond	g) предлагать новости нового порядка
8. in addition	h) газета, принадлежащая равительству
9. a paper of international excellence	i) агентство новостей
10. an international survey	j) одинаковый источник
11. to be ranked as	k) подписчик
12. the world’s top daily	l) платить за получение и использование новостей и фотографий
13. the same source	m) международный обзор
14. a subscriber	n) квалифицироваться как
15. to pay to receive and use the news and photographs	o) лучшая газете в мире

V. Прочтите текст и укажите, на какие вопросы в тексте есть ответы Y (Yes), а на какие нет – N (No):

1. What is press in the USA characterized by?

2. What are the two major kinds of daily newspapers in the USA?

3. What kind of reader does each type aim at?

4. Why do we say that there is no national press in the USA?

5. What are the American newspapers of international excellence?

6. What political opinion do American newspapers reflect?

7. What is a “tabloid”?

8. What source do many American newspapers get their news from?

Text C

Journalism: Historical Survey

(from the beginning to the 18th century)

I. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту Т (True), а какие нет – F (False):

1. At first, the term journalism implied only newspapers and radio.

2. The first printed newspaper appeared in China.

3. The first newspapers in Europe contained no home news.

4. The first English news-sheets had very short names.

5. The first known journalistic production was published in ancient Rome.

Originally journalism included only such printed matter as newspapers and periodicals. In the 20 ^th century, however, it includes other media used to broadcast news, such as radio, television, and documentary or newsreel films. The earliest known journalistic production was the Acta Diurna (Daily Events) of ancient Rome; in the 1 ^st century BC Julius Caesar ordered these hand-written news bulleting to be posted each day in the Forum. It contained coverage of social and political events: elections, public appointments, government edicts, treaties, trials and executions, military news, births, marriages and deaths. The Acta Diurna was written in manuscripts. A similar approach to publishing news was undertaken in China from the 6 ^th to the 20 ^th century. The first printed newspaper, produced from wood blocks, appeared in Beijing in the 7 ^th or 8 ^th century AD. In China during the Tang dynasty a court circular called a pao, or “ report ”, was issued to government officials. This gazette appeared in various forms and under various names more or less continually to the end of the Ch’ing dynasty in 1911. In the mid-15 ^th century, wider and faster circulation of news was made possible by the invention in Europe of moveable type.

Germany, the Netherlands, and England produced newsletters of various sizes in the 16 ^th and 17 ^th centuries, and in France the magazine or literary journal developed in the late 17 ^th century. The first newspapers consisted of foreign news reports, because home news was forbidden. The first English news-sheet, published by Nicholas Bourne and Thomas Archer on May 23, 1622, was called the “Weekly News from Italy, Germany, Hungaria, translated out of the low Dutch copy”. It was not until the abolition of the Star Chamber in England in 1641 that journalists were allowed to report the proceedings of Parliament. However parliamentary reporting was forbidden again in 1660, and when the first daily newspaper was introduced in the United Kingdom, the Daily Courant in 1702, it contained no home news. It was not until the introduction of the Daily Post in 1719 and the Daily Journal in 1720 that journalists were again permitted to report on home news stories. By the early 18 ^th century politicians had begun to realize the enormous potential of newspapers in shaping public opinion. Consequently the journalism of the period was largely political in nature; each political group had its newspaper. It was during this period that the great English journalists flourished, among them Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele. At this time the long struggle for freedom of the press began.

II. Какое слово не является синонимом слова, стоящим в начале строчки:

1. bulletin

a) account b) news flash c) report d) sick list

2. journal

a) magazine b) shop c) periodical d) tabloid

3. to publish

a) to issue b) to publicize c) to register d) to distribute

4. invention

a) creation b) development c) inversion d) discovery

5. various

a) different b) fabulous c) diverse d) variegated

III. Подберите определение для каждого термина:

1. periodical	a) the reporting of new, events etc.,
2. circulation	b) an official journal with public notices and lists of government
3. newsreel	c) the number of copies of a newspaper, magazine, etc regularly sold to the public
4. gazette	d) a short cinema film of recent events
5. coverage	e) a magazine, etc that is published at regular intervals

IV. Укажите верный ответ согласно тексту:

1. How often was the Acta Diurna posted in the Forum?

a) once a week b) each day c) each month d) twice a week

2. What made circulation of news wider and faster in the mid-15 ^th century?

a) the invention of printing machine b) the invention of telegraph c) the invention of moveable type d) low price for paint

3. When was the literary journal developed in France?

a) in the late 17 ^th century b) in the mid-17 ^th century c) at the beginning of 17 ^th century

d) after the 17 ^th century

4. What happened in 1641?

a) journalists were allowed to report home news b) the first journalistic conference was held c) journalists were forbidden to highlight foreign events d) journalists were permitted to highlight foreign events

5. What was the name of the first daily newspaper introduced in the United Kingdom in 1702?

a) the Daily Post b) the Daily Journal c) the Daily Courant d) the Daily News

V. Расположите данные события в хронологическом порядке:

1. Political aspects of press.

2. Evolution of newspapers in China.

3. Preliminary information.

4. The development of journalism in Ancient Rome.

5. European press in the 17 ^th -18 ^th centuries.

Дата добавления: 2015-03-29