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Foucault M. The History of Sexuality. New York: Pantheon, 1978. См. также: Katz J.N. The Invention of Heterosexuality. New York: E.P.Dutton, 1993.

39 Dorner G., Rohde W., Stahl E, Krell L., Masius W. A Neuroendocrine Predisposition for Homosexuality in Men // Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1975. Vol. 4. № 1. P. 6.

LeVay S. A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure Between Homosexual and Heterosexual Men // Science. 1991. Vol. 253.

August 30; Idem. The Sexual Brain. Cambridge: M.l.T. Press, 1994; LeVay S., Hamer D. Evidence for a Biological Influence in Male Homosexuality // Scientific American. 1994. Vol. 270. См. также: Born or Bred? // Newsweek. 1992. February 24.

Yahr P. Sexually Dimorphic Hypothalamic Cell Groups and a Related Pathway That Are Essential for Masculine Copulatory Behavior // The Development of Sex Differences and Similarities in Behavior / Ed. M.Haug, R.Whalen, C.Aron, K.OIsen.

Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993. P. 416.

42 43

См.: Chronicle of Higher Education. 1995. November 10.

Lewontin R., Rose S., Kamin L. Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature. New York: Pantheon, 1984.

44 Bailey J.M., Pillard R. A Genetic Study of Male Sexual Orientation // Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991. Vol. 48; Bailey J.M., Pillard R. Heritable Factors Influence Sexual Orientation in Women // Archives of General Psychiatry. 1993. Vol. 50.

Pillard R., Weinreich J. Evidence of a Familia1 Nature of Male Homosexuality //Archives of General Psychiatry. 1986. Vol. 43.

Goldberg S. The Inevitability of Patriarchy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973. P. 93.

Sapolsky R. The Trouble with Testosterone. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997 P. 155.

Kemper T. Testosterone and Social Structure. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990; Kling A. Testosterone and Aggressive Behavior in Man and Non-human Primates // Hormonal Correlates of Behavior / Ed. B.Eleftheriou, R.Sprott. New York: Plenum, 1975.

14 Гсндсрноо общество

49 Money J., Ehrhardt A. Man and Woman, Boy and Girl. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972.

50 Ehrhardt A., Baker S.W. Fetal Androgens, Human Central Nervous System Differentiation, and Behavior Sex Differences // Sex Differences in Behavior / Ed. R.Friedman, R.M.Richart, R.L.Van de Wiele. Huntington, N.Y.: Krieger, 1978. P. 49.

51 Fausto-Sterling A. Myths of Gender. P. 136-137.

52 Yalom I., Green R., Fisk N. Prenatal Exposure to Female Hormones — Effect on Psychosexual Development in Boys // Archives of General Psychiatry.

1973. Vol. 28.

53 Steinem G. If Men Could Menstruate // Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983.

54 Durden-Smith J., deSimone D. Sex and the Brain. P. 92.

55 Dorner G., Schenk В., Schmiedel В., Ahrens L. Stressful Events in Prenatal Life of Bisexual and Homosexual Men // Explorations in Clinical Endocrinology. 1983. Vol. 81. P. 87. См. также: Dorner G. et al. Prenatal Stress As a Possible Paetiogenic Factor of Homosexuality in Human Males // Endokrinologie. 1983. Vol. 75; Dorner G., Gotz F., Ohkawa Т., Rohde W, Stahl F, Tonjes R. Prenatal Stress and Sexual Brain Differentiation in Animal and Human Beings // Abstracts. International Academy of Sex Research. Thirteenth Annual Meeting, Tutzing, June 21—25, 1987.

Противоположная позиция представлена в разумной статье: Schmidt G., Clement U. Does Peace Prevent Homosexuality? // Journal of Homosexuality. 1995. Vol. 28. № 1-2.

См.: Dreger A.D. Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998; Hekma G. «A Female Soul ina Male Body»: Sexuai Inversion as Gender Inversion in Nineteenth Century Sexology

// Third Sex, Third Gender / Ed. G.Herdt. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1993.

См.: Imperato-McGinley J. et al. Steroid 5-alpha Reductase Deficiency in Man: An Inherited Form of Pseudohermaphroditism // Science.

1974. Vol. 186; Imperato-McGinley J. et al. Androgens and the Evolution of Male-Gender Identity among Male Pseudohermaphrodites with 5-alpha Reductase Deficiency // New England Journal of Medicine. 1979. Vol. 300. P.

1235. Отличное краткое изложение см.: Herdt G. Mistaken Sex: Culture, Biology and the Third Sex in New Guinea // Third Sex, Third Gender / Ed. G.Herdt.

59 Herdt G. Mistaken Sex.

60 Цит. по: Tavris C., Wade C. The Longest War. P. 208-209.

61 Dobson J.C. Straight Talk to Men and Their Wives. P. 184.

62 Goldberg S. The Inevitability of Patriarchy. P. 233—234; см. также: Fausto-Sterling A. Myths of Gender. P. 124.

63 Lewontin R. et al. Not in Our Genes. P. 147.

64 Gender and the Life Course / Ed. A.Rossi. Chicago: Aldine, 1982.

65 Rist D.Y Are Homosexuals Born That Way? // The Nation. 1992. October 19. P. 427; Born or Bred? //

Newsweek. 1992. February 24.

D'Emilio J. Making Trouble: Essays on Gay History. New York: Routledge, 1992. P. 187.

67 См., напр.: Levine M.P. Gay Macho: The Life and Death of the Homosexual Clone. New York: New York University Press, 1997; см. также: Gagnon J., Simon W. Sexual Conduct. Chicago: Aldine, 1973.

68 Whisman V. Queer by Choice. New York: Routledge, 1992.

Bunch C. Lesbians in Revolt // Feminist Frameworks / Ed. AJaggar, P.Rothenberg. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984.

P. 144.

70 LeVay S. The Sexual Brain. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1994. P. 6.

71 Hubbard R. The Political Nature of Human Nature // Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference / Ed.

D.Rhode. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. P. 69.

72 Padgug R.A. On Conceptualizing Sexuality in History // Radical History Review. 1979. Vol. 20. P. 9.

Hofstadter R. Social Darwinism in American Thought. New York: Random House, 1944. P. 204.

Begley A. Why Men and Women Think Differently // Newsweek. 1995. May.

Глава 3

См., напр.: Sacks К. Engels Revisited: Women, Organization of Production, and Private Property // Women, Culture and Society / Ed. M.Rosaldo, L.Lamphere. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974; Idem. Sisters and Wives: The Past and Future of Sexual Equality. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1979.

Т

Mead M. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. New York: William Morrow, 1935. Такие критики, как

Дерек -Зримей, считают, что Мид, как и биологи, которых она критиковала, на^ла то, что искала, особенно на

островах Самоа, где, скорее всего, она просто придумала некоторые детали. Но вызовы, брошенные основным

взглядам Мид по вопросам культурных вариаций в тендерных ролях, выраженным в ее работе, посвященной

архипелагу Новая Гвинея, сами являются необоснованными и неубедительными.

Mead M. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. P. 29, 35, 57-58,84, 101, 128.

Mead M. Male and Female. New York: William Morrow, 1949. P. 69; Idem. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. P. 171.

Mead M. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. P. 189, 190, 197; Idem. Male and Female. P. 98.

14*

Mead M. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. P. 228.

7 Zihlman A. Woman the Gatherer: The Role of Women in Early Hominid Evolution // Gender and Anthropology /

Ed. S.Morgen. Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association, 1989. P. 31.

8 Engets F. On the Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. New York: International Publishers, 1970.

9 Leacock E. Women's Status in Egalitarian Society: Implications for Social Evolution // Current Anthropology.

1978. Vol. 19. № 2. P. 252; см. также: Idem. Montagnais Women and the Jesuit Program for Colonization //

Women and Colonization / Ed. M.Etienne, E.Leacock. New York: Praeger, 1980.

10 Sacks K. Engels Revisited; Idem. Sisters and Wives.

" Harris M. Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches: The Riddle of Culture. New York: Random House, 1974; Idem.

Cannibals and Kings. New York: Random House, 1977.

12 Tiger L, Fox R. The Imperial Animal. New York: Holt, 1971.

13 Levi-Strauss C. The Elementary Structures of Kinship. London: Tavistock, 1969; см. также: Collier J., Rosaldo M. Politics and Gender in Simple Societies // Sexual Meanings: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality /

Ed. S.B.Ortner, H.Whitehead. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

14 Bacon M.K., Barry H., Child l.L. A Cross-Cultural Survey of Some Sex Differences in Socialization // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1957. Vol. 55. № 3. P. 327-332.

15 Brown J. A Note on the Division of Labor by Sex // American Anthropologist. 1970. Vol. 72. № 5.

16 Coltrane S. The Micropolitics of Gender in Nonmdustrial Societies // Gender & Society. 1992. Vol. 6. № 1; Mead M. Male and Female. P. 189, 190.

17 Spain D. Gendered Spaces. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992; Idem. The Spatial Foundations of Men's Friendships and Men's Power // Men's Friendships / Ed. P.Nardi. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1992.

18 Gregor T. No Girls Allowed // Science. 1982. Vol. 82.

19 Sanday P.R. Female Power and Male Dominance. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981. P. 75, 128. См.

также: Lepowsky M. Gender in an Egalitarian Society: A Case Study from the Coral Sea // Beyond the Second Sex: New Directions in the Anthropology of Gender / Ed. P.R.Sanday, R.G.Goodenough. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990.

20 См.: Tavris C., Wade C. The Longest War. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1984. P. 330-331.

21 См.: Sanday P.R. Fraternity Gang Rape. New York: New York University Press, 1991.

22 Whiting J.W., Kluckhohn R., Anthony A. The Function of Male Initiation Ceremonies at Puberty // Readings in Social Psychology / Ed. E.Maccoby, T.M.Newcomb, E.L.Hatley. New York: Henry Holt, 1958.

23 Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. New York: Franklin Watts, 1983. P. 104.

24 Цит. по: Abusharaf R.M. Unmasking Tradition // The Sciences. 1998. March/April. P. 23.

2S

См., напр.: Zoske J. Male Circumcision: A Gender Perspective // Journal of Men's Studies. 1998. Vol. 6. № 2.

2 Paige K., Paige J. The Politics of Reproductive Ritual. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.

27 Tavris C., Wade C. The Longest War. P. 314; см. также: Paige K., Paige J. The Politics of Reproductive Ritual; Mernissi F.

Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in a Modern Muslim Society. New York: Wiley, 1975.

Olien M. The Human Myth. New York: Harper and Row, 1978; Martin M.K., Voorhies B. Female of the Species.

New York: Columbia University Press, 1975.

Williams W. The Spirit and the Flesh. Boston: Beacon Press, 1986.

Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. P. 270.

Martin M.K., Voorhies B. Female of the Species. P. 97.

32 К.Клакхон (1948) цит. по: Kluckhohn С. Mirror for Man. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1970.

33 Herdt G. Guardians of the Flutes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. P. I, 165,282.

34 Williams F.E. Papuans of the Trans-Fly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936. P. 159; см. также: Schiefflin E.L. The Sorrow of the Lonely and the Burning of the Dancers. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1976; Kelly R. Etero Social Structure. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1977; Carrier J. Sex Role Preference as a Explanatory Variable in Homosexual Behavior // Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1977. Vol. 6.

Davenport W. Sex in Cross-Cultural Perspective // Human Sexuality in Four Perspectives / Ed. F.Beach, M.Diamond. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1977; см. также: Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia /

Ed. G.Herdt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. F. 66.

38 39

Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. P. 257.

Ibid.

Davenport W. Sex in Cross-Cultural Perspective.

Friedl E. Women and Men: An Anthropologist's View. New York: Holt, Rinehart, 1975.

Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. P. 253. Kluckhohn C. Mirror for Man. Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. P. 289.

Tanner N., Zihlman A. Women in Evolution // Signs. 1976. Vol. 1. № 3; Tanner N. Becoming Human. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981; Zihlman A. Motherhood in Transition: From Ape to Human // The First Child and Family Formation /

Ed. W.Miller, LNewman. Chapel Hill: Carolina Population Center, 1978.

44 Fisher H. The Anatomy of Love. New York: Norton, 1992. P. 57.

45 Rosaldo M. The Use and Abuse of Anthropology: Reflections on Feminism and Cross-Cultural Understanding //

Signs. 1980. Vol. 5. № 3. P. 393; рецензия Бонни Нарди на кн. П.Р.Санди «Female Power and Male

Dominance»: Sex Roles. 1982. Vol. 8. № 11. P. 1159.

46 Gimbutas M. The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe, 7000-3500 B.C. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982; Eisler R. The Chalice and the Blade. New York: HarperCollins, 1987.

47 Eisler R. The Chalice and the Blade. P. 45, 58.

Fukuyama F. Women and the Evolution of World Politics // Foreign Affairs. 1998. September. P. 27.

Leacock E. Montagnais Women and the Jesuit Program for Colonization. P. 200.

Глава 4

1 Freud S. The Dissection of the Psychical Personality // Freud S. New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. New York: W.W.Norton, 1965. P. 74.

2 Ibid. P. 76.

3 Freud S. Civilisation and Its Discontents. New York: W.W.Norton, 1970,

4 Letters of Sigmund Freud, 1873-1939 / Ed. E.Freud. London: Hogarth Press, 1961. P. 419-420.

5 Masson J. The Assault on Truth. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1984; Miller A. Thou Shalt Not Be Aware: Society's Betrayal of the Child. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1984; Idem. For Your Own Good. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983.

Terman L., Cox Miles C. Sex and Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1936; см. также: Minton H. Feminity in Men and Masculinity in Women: American Psychiatry and Psychology Portray Homosexuality in the 1930s // Journal of Homosexuality.

1986. Vol. 13. № 1.

Henry G. Psychogenic Factors in Overt Homosexuality // American Journal of Psychiatry. 1937. Vol. 93; цит. по: Minton H.

Femininity in Men and Masculinity in Women. P. 2. Однако отметим: Генри добавляет, что эти тенденции не просто

возникнут, а социальная реакция на эти черты их преувеличит и укрепит; т.е. открытая гомофобная реакция на самом

деле лишь поощрит тенденцию к гомосексуальности.

оPiaget J. Plays, Dreams and Imitation in Children. New York: Norton, 1951; Idem. The Language and Thought of the Child.

London: Routledge, 1952; Idem. The Moral Judgement of the Child. New York: Free Press, 1965.

Kohlberg L. A Cognitive-Developmental Analysis of Children's Sex Role Concepts and Attitudes // The Development of Sex Differences / Ed. E.Maccoby. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966; Kohlberg L., Zigler E. The Impact of Cognitive Maturity on the Development of Sex Role Attitudes in the Years 4 to 8 // Genetic Psychology Monographs.

1967. Vol. 75.

'°BanduraA.,HustonA. Identification as a Process of Incidental Learning // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1961.

Vol. 63; Bandura A., Ross D., Ross S. A Comparative Test of the Status Envy, Social Power, and Secondary Reinforcement Theories of Indeificatory Learning // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1963. Vol. 67; Mischel W. A Social-Learning View of Sex Differences // The Development of Sex Differences / Ed. E.Maccoby.

1' См.: Homey K. On the Genesis of the Castration Complex in Women // Psychoanalysis and Women / Ed. J.B.Miller. New York: Bruner/Mazel, 1973.

12 Bettelheim B. Symbolic Wounds. New York: Collier, 1962; Lederer W. The Fear of Women. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968.

13 Chodorow N. The Reproduction of Mothering. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978; Benjamin J. The Bonds of Love. New York: Pantheon, 1984; Dinnerstein D. The Mermaid and the Minotaur. New York: Harper and Row, 1977; Rubin L.

Intimate Strangers. New York: Harper and Row, 1983. У этих трех авторов — Чодороу, Бенджамин и Рубин — докторская

степень по социологии, и они одновременно являются практикующими психотерапевтами. Такое сочетание, с моей

точки зрения, дало им возможность с исключительной проницательностью исследовать социальные последствия

индивидуального обесценивания женщины.

Chodorow N. The Reproduction of Mothering; см. также: Idem. Family Structure and Feminine Personality // Women, Culture and Society / Ed. M.Rosaldo, L.Lamphere. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974.

Chodorow N. Family Structure and Feminine Personality. P. 50.

Gilligan C. In a Different Voice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982. P. 173.

Belenky M.F. et al. Women's Way of Knowing. New York: Basic Books, 1987; Tannen D. You Just Don't Understand. New York: William Morrow, 1990; Bly R. Iron John. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1991.

I8

См.: Crothers H. Meditations on Votes for Women. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1914. P. 74.

Gilligan C. Reply // On In a Different Voice: An Interdisciplinary Forum // Signs. 1986. Vol. 11. № 2. P. 327.

Tavris C. The Mismeasure of Woman // Feminism and Psychology. 1993. Vol. 3. № 2. P. 153.

Tannen D. You Just Don't Understand. P. 24—25, см. также: Idem. Gender and Discourse. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

22 23

Tannen D. You Just Don't Understand. P. 181.

Maccoby E., Jacklin C. The Psychology of Sex Differences. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974. P. 362.

Джозеф Плек предложил превосходное резюме этих исследований: Pleck J. The Theory of Male Sex Role Identity: Its Rise and Fall, 1936 to the Present // In the Shadow of the Past: Psychology Views the Sexes / Ed. M.Lewin. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984. Многое из его эссе я использовал в своем обзоре.

25 Adorno T. et al. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper and Row, 1950.

26 Miller D., Swanson E.G. Inner Conflict and Defense. New York: Holt, 1960.

27 Parsons T. Certain Primary Sources and Patterns of Aggression in the Social Structure of the Western World //

Psychiatry. 1947. Vol. 10. P. 309.

28 Bern S. The Measurement of Psychological Androgyny // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1974.

Vol. 42; Idem, Androgyny vs. the Tight Little Lives of Fluffy Women and Chesty Men // Psychology Today. 1975.

September; Idem. Beyond Androgyny: Some Presumptuous Prescriptions for a Liberated Sexual Identity // The Future of Women: Issues in Psychology / Ed. J.Sherman, F.Denmark. New York: Psychological Dimensions, 1978.

См. также: Kaplan A., Sedney M.A. Psychology and Sex Roles: An Androgynous Perspective. Boston: Little Brown, 1980 (цитата на с. 6); Spence J., Helmreich R., Stapp J. The Personal Attributes Questionaire: A Measure of Sex-Role Stereotypes and Masculinity-Femininity // JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology. 1974.

Vol. 4.

29 Pleck J. The Myth of Masculinity. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1981.

30 Farrell W. The Myth of Male Power. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993.

~' Я не хочу сказать, что у Плека не было смелой попытки это сделать. В его работе: Pleck J. Men's Power over Women, Other Men and in Society // Women and Men: The Consequences of Power / Ed. D.Hiller, R.Sheets.

Cincinnati: University of Cincinnati Women's Studies, 1977 — теория задействована, насколько это было

возможно, но все же отсутствует адекватное теоретизирование различия и институционализированных

тендерных отношений.

Sartre J.-P. Anti-Semite and Jew. New York: Schocken Press, 1965. P. 60.

Глава 5

1 Pines M. Civilizing of Genes // Psychology Today. 1981. September.

2 Lopata H.Z., Thome B. On The Term «Sex Roles» // Signs. 1978. \Ы. 3. P. 719.

Carrigan Т., Connell В., Lee J. Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity // Theory and Society. 1985. Vol. 14. См. также: Connell R.W. Gender and Power. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987; Idem. Masculinities. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995; Stacey J., Thome B. The Missing Feminist Revolution in Sociology // Social Problems. 1985. Vol.

32. № 4, — в которых даны тщательная переработка и краткое изложение социологической критики теории

половых ролей.

4 Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. P. 42.

Stacey J., Thorne B. The Missing Feminist Revolution in Sociology. P. 307.

6 Carrigan Т., Connell В., Lee J. Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity. p. 587; см. также: Connell R.W. Gender and Power.

7 Hacker H. Women as a Minority Group // Social Forces. 1951. \bl. 30; Tresemer D. Assumptions Made about Gender Roles // Another Voice: Feminist Perspectives on Social Life and Social Science / Ed. M.Millman, R.M.Ranter. New York: Anchor Books, 1975. P. 323; Warner R.S., Wellman D., Weitzman L. The Hero, the Sambo and the Operator: Three Characterizations of the Oppressed // Urban Life and Culture. 1973. Vol. 2.

Carrigan T, Connell В., Lee J. Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity. P. 587. 9

Arendt H. On Revolution. New York: Viking 1976. Keller E.F. A Feeling for the Organism. New York: W.H.Freeman, 1985.

Chafetz J.S. Toward a Macro-Level Theory of Sexual Stratification // Current Perspectives in Social Theory. 1980.

Vol. I.

Goffman E. The Arrangement between the Sexes // Theory and Society. 1977. Vol. 4. P. 316.

Kanter R. M. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books, 1977. См. также: Idem. Women and the Structure of Organizations: Explorations in Theory and Behavior // Another Voice / Ed. M.Millman, R.M.Kanter.

Acker J. Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations // Gender & Society. 1990. Vol. 4. № 2. P.

146; см. также: Idem. Sex Bias in Job Evaluation: A Comparable Worth Issue // Ingredients for Women's Employment Policy / Ed. C.Bose, G.Spitze. Albany: SUNY Press, 1987; Idem. Class, Gender and the Relations of Distribution // Signs. 1988. Vol. 13; Idem. Doing Comparable Worth: Gender, Class and Pay Equity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989; Acker J., Van Houten D.R. Differential Recruitment and Control: The Sex Structuring of Organizations // Administrative Science Quarterly. 1974. Vol. 19. № 2.

15 Acker J. Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies. P. 146—147.

Gerson J., Peiss K. Boundaries, Negotiation, Consciousness: Recon-ceptualizing Gender Relations // Social Problems. 1985. Vol. 32. № 4. P. 320.

Acker J. Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies. P. 258.

West C., Zimmerman D. Doing Gender // Gender & Society. 1987. Vol. l.№ 2. P. 140.

Kessler S.J. The Medical Construction of Gender: Case Management of Intersexed Infants // Signs. 1990. Vol. 16. № I. P.

12, 13.

Выражение заимствовано у Р.В.Коннелла; но лично я взял его из названия книги Барбары Ризман: Risman B.

Gender Vertigo. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.

21 Цит. по: West C, Zimmerman D. Doing Gender. P. 133—134.

Goldberg C. Shunning «He» and «She», They Fight for Respect // The New York Times. 1996. September. P. A24.

23 Цит. по: Goldberg С. Shunning «Не» and «She»... P. A24.

24 Garfmkel H. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hal I, 1967. P. 128, 132.

25 Kessler S.J. The Medical Construction of Gender. P. 25.

26 Groth N., Burgess A., Sgroi S. Sexual Assault of Children and Adolescents. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978.

27 Sheffield C. Feminist Jurisprudence. New York: Routledge, 1997. P. 203.

28 Более подробно я пишу о социологии полового насилия в главе 11.

29 West С., Zimmerman D. Doing Gender. P. 140; Thorne В. Children and Gender: Constructions of Difference //

Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference / Ed. D.Rhode. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. P. 110; Thompson E.P. The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Pantheon, 1963. P. II.

30 Messerschmidt J. Masculinities and Crime. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and, Littlefield, 1993. P. 121.

31 Carrigan Т., Connell В., Lee J. Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity. P. 589; Fyke K.D. Class-Based Masculinities: The Interdependence of Gender, Class and Interpersonal Power // Gender & Society. 1996. Vol. 10.

№ 5. P. 530.

Глава 6

1 Сложно суммировать здесь суть всех дебатов о семье. См. несколько работ, напр.: Whitehead B.D. Dan Quayle Was Right // The Atlantic. 1993. April; Popenoe D. Life without Father: Compelling New Evidence that Fatherhood and Marriage Are Indispensable for the Good of Children and Society. New York: The Free Press, 1996; Idem. Modern Marriage: Revising the Cultural Script // Promises to Keep: Decline and Renewal of Marriage in America / Ed. D.Popenoe, J.B.Elshtain, D.Blankenhorn.

Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996. С другой стороны, см.: Stacey J. Brave New Families. New York: Basic Books, 1990; Idem. In the Name of the Family: Rethinking Family Values in the Postmodern Age. Boston: Beacon Press, 1997, а также: CoontzS. The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap. New York: Basic Books, 1995; Idem. The Way We Really Are: Coming to Terms with America's Changing Families. New York: Basic Books, 1998.

2 К.Поллит цит. по: Coontz S. The Way We Really Are. P. 95.

3 Coltrane S. Gender and Families. Newbury Park, Calif.: Pine Forge Press, 1998. P. 48—49; Coontz S. The Way We Really Are. P. 30.

4 По вопросу трансформации идеи брака см., напр.: Shorter E. The Making of the Modern Family. New York: Basic Books, 1977; Skolnick A. Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty. New York: Basic Books, 1993; Lasch C. Women and the Common Life: Love, Marriage and Feminism. New York: Norton, 1997, особенно с. 162.

О жестокости мужей см., напр.: Mintz S., Kellogg S. Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of the American Family.

New York: The Free Press, 1988. P. 58.

Mintz S., Kellogg S. Domestic Revolutions. P. 50; см. также: Smith P. Daughters of the Promised Land: Women in American History. Boston: Little Brown, 1970; Demos J. The Changing Faces of Fatherhood: A New Exploration in American Family History // Father and Child: Developmental and Clinical Perspectives / Ed. S.Cath, A.Gurwitt, J.Ross. Boston: Little, Brown, 1982. P. 429.

Demos J. Past, Present, and Personal: The Family and Life Course in American History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. P. 32; см. также: Hareven T. Family Time and Industrial Time. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. Теннисон цит.

по: Skolnick A. Embattled Paradise. P. 35.

Цит. no: Popenoe D. Life without Father. P. 95.

Lerner G. The Lady and the Mill Girl: Changes in the Status of Women in the Age of Jackson // American Studies Journal. 1969.

Vol. 10. № 1. P. 7, 9; Dwight T. The Father's Book. Springfield, Mass.: G. and C. Merriam, 1834. Общую информацию см.: Kimme! M. Manhood in America: A Cultural History. New York: Free Press, 1996. Chaps. 1, 2.

Lasch C. Women and the Common Life. P. 162.

Dill B.T. Our Mothers' Grief: Racial-Ethnic Women and the Maintenance of Families // Journal of Family History. 1988. Vol. 13.

№ 4. P. 428.

Gillis J. Making Time for Family: The Invention of Family Time(s) and the Reinvention of Family History // Journal of Family History. 1996. Vol. 21; Idem. A World of Their Own Making: Myth, Ritual, and the Quest for Family Values. New York: Basic Books, 1996.

Skolnick A. Embattled Paradise. P. 33; «Харперс базар» цит. по: Demos J. The Changing Faces of Fatherhood. P. 442; см.

также: LaRossa R. Fatherhood and Social Change // Family Relations. 1988. Vol. 37; Idem. The Modernization of Fatherhood: A Social and Political History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997; Griswold R. Fatherhood in America: A History. New York: Basic Books, 1993.

13 Skolnick A. Embattled Paradise. P. 41; Mintz S., Kellogg S. Domestic Revolutions. P. 110.

См.: Sugarman S.D. Single Parent Families // All Our Families: New Policies for a New Century / Ed. M.Mason, A.Skolnick.

S,Sugarman. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. P. 20-21.

См.: LaRossa R. The Modernisation of Fatherhood.

Mintz S., Kellogg S. Domestic Revolutions. P. 179, 237; см. также: Coontz S. The Way We Really Are. P. 30.

17 Chafe W. The Unfinished Journey: America since World War II. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. P. 125; Zelditch M. Role Differentiation in the Nuclear Family: A Comparative Study // Family, Socialization and Interaction Process / Ed. T.Parsons, R.F.Bales. New York: The Free Press, 1955. P. 339.

is

Archibald MacLeish. Poem in Prose; из личного общения с Хелен

Смит. Я благодарен Хелен за то, что она подтолкнула меня к мысли, что

семья 1950-х гг. стала моделью для американцев среднего класса, проживающих в пригородах, включая, очевидно, и меня самого.

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