LESSON 1 2 страница

X. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. How large is the farm?

2. How many cows are there on the farm?

3. How are heifers kept?

4. What breeds do the cows belong to?

5. What is the average milk yield per cow per year?

6. How often are the cows milked?

7. Where are the cows kept?

8. What are the main pasture grasses?

9. What does the amount of feed per cow vary with?

10. What supplementary feed is given to the dairy cows?

XI. Переведите на английский язык.

а) средний, дополнительный, постоянный, силос, удой молока, вес, качество, количество, возраст, бык, телка, как... так и, зависеть от, клевер, потреблять, увеличивать (ся), люцерна, стравливать (выпасать), временный, тоже.

б) 1. Корма, используемые нами, должны быть питательными.
2. Корнеплоды, взращиваемые в этом хозяйстве, используются как
корм для скота. 3. Качество корма, потребляемого коровами, должно быть высоким. 4. Коровы, обеспеченные дополнительным
кормом, увеличили надои молока в прошлом году.

в) 1. Что касается дополнительных кормов, их часто дают
высокопродуктивным молочным коровам в виде концентратов или
силоса. 2. Надои молока, так же как и выход мяса, значительно
увеличились в нашем хозяйстве. 3. В настоящее время коров не
доят вручную, эту работу выполняют специальные машины. 4. В
прошлом году это хозяйство получило довольно высокие надои
молока от коров, которых кормили дополнительными высокопитательными кормами. 5. Рекомендуется разделять большое пастбище на загоны, каждый из них стравливается в течение определенного периода, времени.

XII. Прочтите текст и озаглавьте абзацы по-английски (по-рус­ски). Догадайтесь о значении подчеркнутого слова.

FARMS IN ENGLAND

There are about 53500 farms in England. Most of them are small farms, less than 50 acres each. These small farms are family farms. All the work on the farm is done by the farmer and his family.

The types of farms in England vary with the soil and climate. In the Eastern part of England most farms are arable, that is farmers grow different crops such as grain crops, potatoes and others. In the Eastern part of the country dairy farms are predominant.

Small farms in England are usually mixed farms on which farmers grow vegetables and fruit as well as keep cows, pigs and poultry for home use. They are to grow different crops and grasses in order to feed the animals.

The main aim[2] in the agricultural policy of this country is the production of more meat than the increase in milk production.

LESSON 5

ТЕМА: BEEF PRODUCTION FARM ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА:

1. Отглагольное существительное (Verbal Noun), § 11

2. Герундий (Gerund), § 12

3. Причастие I (Present Participle) (повторение)

4. Значения слова "most"

I. Слова и выражении для повторения:

amount, quantity, quality, to consume, yield, as well as, poultrybreeder, as well, pasture, beef production, weight, silage, calf (calves), to fatten, properly, cattle, to keep, healthy, meat, kind, cow, sheep, supplementary, to increase, average, to vary with.

II. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных
слов.

separation, total, climatic, section, classification, concentrate, energy, illustration, result, carbohydrate, lactation.

III. Определите, где форма с окончанием "ing" является герундием и где - отглагольным существительным; переведите.

1. Milking cows is done with special machines. 2. After milking cows were given some silage. 3. The milkin g of cows is done in cowsheds. 4. We spoke about his using a new milking apparatus. 5. Using high productive breeds increases milk yields. 6. High milk yields are obtained by using high-productive breeds. 7. The keeping of cattle on pasture provides them with most feed and a lot of exercise.

BEEF PRODUCTION FA RM

The area of the farm is 287 acres. Most of it is under pastures.

Beef production is the most important part of the farm's economy.

High beef production is achieved by proper care and management as well as proper feeding and fattening of cattle. They are kept on both natural and cultivated pastures. The pasture land is divided into paddocks which are grazed in turn. Such system of using pastures is known as rotational grazing.

When pasture forage is scarce or when cattle are not on pasture, they are fed with corn silage, grass silage or high-quality clover or alfalfa hay. Corn and legumes are the crops grown by the farmer for fattening cattle. Growing legumes, the farmer increases soil fertility.

As to the calves they are kept in groups separated by 10 days' age. Keeping calves in age groups allows the farmer to feed them according to their age. Weaning is usually done at the age of eight weeks. Male calves are castrated at about a week old.

Most of the calves are sold as yeah Calves raised for veal production are generally ready for marketing at the age of 6 or 8 weeks. At this age they weigh about 200 to 300 pounds.

The best veal is obtained by liberal feeding of whole milk. Calves consuming a great amount of whole milk grow and develop properly and the quality of meat is high. The total amount of milk required during the period of vealing will depend on the birth weight of the calf. About 10 pounds of milk is required for one pound of gain.

A shed divided into four sections is used as a calf house. New calves are to be put into this house in age groups.

Пояснения к тексту

1. rotational grazing- загонная пастьба

2. according to - согласно, в соответствии с

Запомните:

most - самый, наиболее (перед прилагательным) most (of) - большинство (перед существительным)

Активные слова и выражения

forage, scarce, com, legume, hay, to raise, to wean, veal, to develop, to weigh, to require, to depend on, birth, gain, age, pound,whole milk, most.

IV. Перечислите известные Вам названия:

а) сельскохозяйственных животных;

б) помещений для скота;

в) сельскохозяйственных культур.

V. Составьте предложения, соединяя подходящие по смыслу
части.

1. Proper management and feeding a. are grown for fattening cattle.

are required

2. Cattle are fed b. is necessary to obtain the best

veal.

3. Corn and legumes. c. depends on the birth weigh of

the calf.

4. Calves are kept d. in order to achieve high beef

production.

5. Weaning calves e. corn silage and legume.

6. Liberal feeding of whole milk f. in age groups/'

7. The amount of milk g. is done at the age of eight weeks.

VI. Выделите герундий и отглагольное существительное, переведите.

1. Proper care and management of cattle are very important for
obtaining high beef yields.

2. The liberal feeding of whole milk is necessary for these calves.

3. We spoke about his weaning the calves at the age of 7 weeks.

4. Cleaning farm buildings is usually done with special machines.

5. The feeding of poultry varies with the method of their keeping.

VII. Определите функции слов с окончанием -ing в следующих
предложениях, переведите.

1. The fattening of cattle is usually done on farms where both corn and legumes are grown.

2. A great amount of whole milk is required for fattening calves.

3. Cowing legumes increases soil fertility.

4. Growing legumes, we increase soil fertility.

5. Farmers growing legumes increase soil fertility.

6. The breeding of farm animals is very important throughout the world.

7. Breeding farm animals, man obtains highly nutritious products.

8. Increasing soil fertility, we obtain higher yields of crops and grasses.

9. Different farm crops are used in feeding livestock.

10. Farmers using rotational grazing obtain good result.

11. There are some systems of keeping poultry.

12. We spoke about this farmer's fattening cattle on pasture.

13. Corn is widely used as a fattening feed.

14. He is cleaning the pigsty now.

VIII. Образуйте причастия I и II от следующих глаголов. Пере-
ведите.

obtain, ventilate, grow, separate, feed, consume.

IX. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание
на значение слова "most".

1. This is the most productive beef breed in our region. 2. Concentrates are the most nutritious feeds. 3. Most of the farms in our region are cattle breeding farms. 4. Most pastures are natural in this part of the country. 5. Clover and alfalfa are the most important pasture grasses. 6. Most farmers wean calves at the age of 8 weeks.

X. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is necessary for high beef production?

2. What pastures are the cattle kept on?

3. When are the cattle fed with silage and hay?

4. What age are the calves weaned at?

5. What are calves raised for?

6. How many pounds do the calves weigh at the time of marketing?

7. How is the best veal obtained?

8. What does the amount of milk required during the period of
vealing depend on?

9. Where are the calves kept?

10. Are the calves kept in age groups?

XI. Переведите на английский язык:

а) цельное молоко, кукуруза, бобовое сено, большинство, получать, возраст, отнимать, развивать(ся), требовать, фунт, вес при
рождении, привес, зависеть от.

б) 1. Коров, дающих много молока, доят 3 раза в день. 2. Доение производится машинами. 3. Используя высококачественные
корма, фермеры получают больше мяса. 4. Привесы телят были
увеличены путем дополнительного кормления.

в) 1. Чтобы кормить телят в соответствии с возрастом, их следует содержать в возрастных группах. 2. Высококачественную телятину можно получать, если телятам давать соответственное количество молока и как следует за ними ухаживать. 3. Повышение плодородия почвы достигается различными путями, одним из них является выращивание бобовых культур. 4. Разные виды силоса скармливают скоту в виде дополнительного корма к скудному пастбищу или когда скот содержат в коровнике. 5. Стравливание загонов, на которые делят пастбищную землю, производят по очереди и называют загонной пастьбой.

XII. Прочтите текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы по-русски.

1. Какие хозяйства все еще преобладают в США?

2. Какая отрасль сельского хозяйства является ведущей?

3. Какие корма являются основными?

Farms in the USA

About 61 per cent of the total land area of the United States is in farms. Most farms in this country are family farms. They are rather small. These small traditional farms cannot compete* with big industrial farms and they are now disappearing* *.

Livestock plays the leading part in the agriculture of the USA. Different high-productive dairy and beef breeds of cattle are raised on large farms. Sheep, pigs as well as poultry are raised by the American farmers all over the country.

_____________________

compete - конкурировать disappear - исчезать

Among the forage crops grown in this country corn is the most important one. Hay crops are also widely grown as feed for livestock.

Повторение темы "Farms "

Прочтите текст. Догадайтесь о значении подчеркнутого слова. Выполните задание, данное после текста.

Dairy Farm in East Lancashire

In this part of England there are about 3,600 farms. Most of the farms are from 35 to 50 acres. They are small family farms.

The climatic conditions of this area are not very favourable to dairy farming.

The farmers breed dairy cattle in this part of the country because there are many industrial towns here and they supply these towns with milk.

The typical small dairy farm in Lancashire is a family farm of about 40 acres with 18 to 20 milking cows. The farmer keeps poultry as well. It is bred for eggs. Most of the milk and eggs are marketed...

The land is all grass. Half of it is used for hay and the other half for grazing. The area used for grazing is divided into paddocks. The quality of pasture grasses is good. Summer pasture provides feed and exercise for the cows. Poultry is kept only in the house. This method is known as intensive method of poultry keeping.

There are three kinds of farm buildings on the farm. They are a hay barn, a cowshed and a poultry house.

As it is a small family farm, the farmer has to do all the work on his farm himself.

He must feed the animals, milk the cows, collect eggs and clean the cowshed and the poultry house. He himself takes the milk and eggs to the market.fMost of the farm work is done with machines.The principal winter feed is a legume hay. Silage making is not popular here. As rainfall* is high hay making is a risky business in this part of the country. Natural drying of hay in the field is rather difficult. There is a tendency to dry it in the barn. The method of barn hay drying produces better hay.

__________________

* rainfall - осадки

The annual milk yield per cow is about 750-800 gallons. The farmer supplies the cows with 3V₂ pounds of concentrates per gallon of milk. These concentrates are provided for cows because it is difficult to make high-quality hay.

Прочтите текст еще раз и укажите, какие утверждения не соот­ветствуют содержанию текста. Внесите свои коррективы (по-анг­лийски).

1. High-quality pastures are very good for keeping dairy and beef cattle and poultry.

2. Pasture grasses, legume hay and silage are the feeds most widely used by the farmers in feeding cows.

3. The farms situated in this region of the country produce milk half of which is used by the farmer and his family and half is marketed.

4. Both methods of hay making, by natural drying in the field and drying in the barn, do not produce high-quality hay.

LESSON 6

ТЕМА: CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

1. Сложные формы причастия I, № 14

2. Формы с окончанием -ing (повторение)

3. Временные формы глагола (повторение)

4. Значение слова "one", § 23

5. Парный союз "either... or"

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

1. Суффиксы -ous, -able, (-ible)

2. Префикс in-

I. Слова и выражения для повторения:

cattle breeding, to produce, barley growing, sheep, grass, clover,
alfalfa, to consume, dairy cow, grain, as well, both... and, should, have
to, hay yield, root crop, to provide, is4o, pasture, pig, quality, amount,
to supply.

II. Переведите следующие прилагательные:

а) образованные от существительных при помощи суффикса - ous

fibrous - (fibre - волокно)

vigorous - (vigour - сила, энергия)

various - (variety - разнообразие)

б) образованные от глаголов при помощи суффиксов -able, - ible.

suitable - (suit- подходить) valuable - (value - ценить) digestible - (digest - переваривать, усваивать)

в) с отрицательным префиксом in- (который превращается в "im" перед "т" и "р" и "ir" перед "г").

irtfertile (fertile - плодородный)

irregular (regular - регулярный) impossible (possible - возможный)

III. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова, и переведите их, не пользуясь словарем.

1. to feed, feeder, feeding, fed, the feed.

2. a product, production, to produce, producing, producer, produced.

3. proper, improper, properly.

IV. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание
на перевод сложных форм причастия I.

1. Being provided with good feed, cows produce much milk.

2. Having been provided with good feed, young animals developed well.

3. Havingprovided the animals with good feed, the farmer obtained good results.

4. Being used in feeding livestock, grasses and grains are widely grown by man.

5. Having been weaned at the age of eight weeks, calves produced high-quality veal.

6. Having divided the calf house into sections, the farmer could put his calves into it according to their age.

CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS

Various feeds are used by man in feeding livestock. They are classified into three main groups: succulents, roughages and concentrates.

Succulent feeds are pasture grasses, silage and root crops.

Roots contain a large amount of water and are laxativeto stock. They are low in protein, but comparatively high in c arbohydrates. Being fed together with hay or straw, roots provide good rations for sheep and cattle.

Green grass should be grazed when it is 4-8 inches high. Young grass is very rich in protein and animals eat it readily but its low fibre content may cause scours. The feeding value of grass is the highest in spring and early summer.

Silage is made from a variety of plants. Good silage is the one that is green in colour. Silage should be made from young leafy grass and clover. Having been prepared in this way, silage is. always of high feeding value.

Roughages are bulky feeds. They are high in fibre content which is poorly digestible. For this reason they are not suitable for pigs, but one can give large quantities of roughages to cattle and sheep.

Good hay is the one that contains plenty of green leaf. The quality of hay varies with the kind of grass and the stage of growth at which it is cut. Hay made from grass in the early flowering stage is better than the one made from mature grass.

Oat straw is a valuable feed for providing bulk in the rations of beef animals and low-yielding dairy cows. Barley straw is sometimes fed to beef cattle. It is more digestible than wheat straw. Wheat straw is high in indigestible fibre. [Most of it is, therefore, used for bedding.

Concentrates are feeds which are rich in either protein orenergy or both. Being nigh in easily digestible nutrients and low in moisture and indigestible fibre, concentrates are very valuable in feeding all classes of animals. General grains, cakes and bran are illustrations of concentrates.Having supplied the animals with the proper kind and amount of feed, the farmer will obtain good results.

Пояснения к тексту

1. to be low in - содержать мало

2. to be high in - содержать много

3. for this reason - по этой причине

4. plenty of - много

5. is of... value - иметь (представлять) ценность

Активные слова и выражения

succulent, roughage, concentrate, to contain, ration, water, straw, to eat (ate, eaten), fibre, content, to cause, scours, digestible, growth, to cut (cut), mature, bedding, nutrient, feeding, value, one, either... or.

V. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание
на перевод сложных форм причастия I.

1. Being grazed too early, young grass may cause scours in calves. 2. Having been made from young leafy grabs and clover, silage was of high feeding value. 3. Having provided the pigs with highly nutritious feed, the farmer obtained high gains. 4. The animals grow better, being fed a concentrated ration twice a day. 5. Being bred by man, cattle, cheep and hogs are known as domestic animals. 6. Weaning calves at the age of about 8 weeks, farmers obtain high-quality veal. 7. Having cleaned the cowshed, the farmer put the calves into it. 8. Having increased the amount of the supplementary feed, we shall be able to obtain a higher milk yield per cow. 9. Separating calves by 10 days' age, the farmer can feed them according to their age. 10. Having been prepared from grass in the early flowering stage, the hay was of high quality.

VI. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова, переведите.

1. In winter the farmer feeds his cattle with high-quality legume hay and silage. 2. Roughage feeds are not good for feeding hogs. 3. They market pigs at the weaning age. 4. It is the largest market in our region. 5. These farms increase their milk y ields from year to year. 6. There was a great increase in cattle population last year. 7. Farmers milk average and low yielding cows twice a day. 8. This dairy breed is high-yielding. 9. Farmers breed poultry for meat and eggs. 10. There is always much work to do on the farm. 11. They work as zootechnicians.

VII. Определите время и залог сказуемого в следующих незаконченных предложениях. Переведите их и дополните соответствующими обстоятельствами..

1.They feed.... 2. They have fed.... 3. They are fed.... 4. They are feeding.... 5. They have been fed.... 6. He has fed.... 7. He has to feed.... 8. They are to feed.... 9. They are to be fed.... 10. She has been fed.... 11. She should feed.... 12. They will feed.... 13. They should be fed.... 14. They will be fed.... 15. They ought to be fed.... 16. They are being fed....

VIII. Определите функции слов с окончанием -ing, переведите.
1. Cattle breeding is one of the most important branches of animal

husbandry. 2. Milk yields vary with feeding, age as well as care and management of dairy cows. 3. Milk yields vary with the number of the milking per day as well. 4. As to this dairybreed it is a low-yielding one. 5. Having fed the lambs the sheepman began cleaning the sheep-pen. 6. Providing good feeding and management for the poultry, we obtain more eggs per bird per year. 7. Being on pasture, animals take a lot of exercise. 8. Poultry breeders obtain good results by keeping the poultry on pasture. 9. Keeping sheep on the same pasture during summer is a bad practice. 10. The development of the calves depends largely on feeding and exercise. 11. The feeding of the animals snould be done at regular intervals.

IX. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение
выделенных слов.

a) 1. One must feed domestic animals properly. 2. One of the reasons of low gains may be poor feeding. 3. These feeds are the most nutritious ones for pigs. 4. In order to obtain good gains one should provide proper feeding and management. 5. The new cowshed is better than the old one. 6. One can use different kinds of bedding. 7. One should give enough water to the animals.

b) 1. During winter feeding months cattle are fed either silage or hay. 2. Grass is of feeding value either in spring or in early summer. 3. These roughages may be fed either to the cattle or to the sheep.

X. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1. How are feeds classified?

2. Which feeds are high in water?

3. When is the feeding value of grass the highest?

4. What does the quality of hay vary with?

5. Why is wheat straw not used for feeding animals?

6. What are concentrates rich in?

7. What succulent (roughage, concentrate) feeds do you know?

XI. Переведите на английский язык.

а) Грубые корма, сочные корма, питательная ценность, непе-
реваримая клетчатка, подстилка, содержание воды, питательные
вещества, рост, вызывать, содержать, солома, рацион, или... или.

б) 1. Будучи непере варима, пшеничная солома не использует-
ся на корм скоту. 2. Корма, содержащие много воды, являются

сочными. 3. Зрелая трава не должна использоваться для приготов­ления сена. 4. Концентраты содержат много легко переваримых питательных веществ.

в) 1. При скармливании животным зеленого корма улучшается качество продукции, получаемой от них. 2. Питательная ценность зеленой травы зависит от возраста растений; по мере того как ра­стение стареет, содержание в нем клетчатки увеличивается. 3. В большинстве районов страны животные получают зеленый корм с естественных пастбищ. 4. Хорошо приготовленный силос имеет высокую питательную ценность и его можно давать сельскохо­зяйственным животным всех видов. 5. Все виды зерна, отруби, жмыхи относятся к концентрированным кормам, т.к. они содер­жат наибольшее количество легкопереваримых питательных ве­ществ.

XII. Прочтите текст и озаглавьте его по-английски. Передайте содержание текста по-английски (по-русски).

Pasture grasses belong to succulent feeds. Hay made from grasses belongs to roughage feeds.

Pastures are classified into natural and cultivated. Cultivated pastures are classified into permanent and temporary. Temporary pastures are used only 2 or 3 years. They may be used during one season as well. Permanent pastures are used for many years. In the Northern areas where winters are cold pastures are used only in summer. In the warm areas cattle and other farm animals may be kept on pasture all the year round.

The best pastures are in spring and in early summer when grass is young and high in protein. Young grass also contains much calcium and vitamins, especially carotene. Green grass is consumed by farm animals in large amounts.

When pasture grasses become scarce cattle, sheep and hogs should be fed with high-quality roughages and concentrates.

LESSON 7

ТЕМА: COMPOSITION OF FEEDS ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

1. Инфинитив в функции подлежащего, § 3.

2. Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели, § 4.

3. as... as possible

4. as little as, as much as (перед цифрой). СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ:

Префикс un-

I. Слова и выражения для повторения:

water, fat, contenty vary with, calf, fibre, source, digestible, livestock, to require, healthy, supplementary, heifer, cow, bull, gain, proper, either... or, both... and.

П. Переведите следующие прилагательные и причастия с от­рицательным префиксом un-:

unfavourable (favourable - благоприятный)

undesirable (desirable - желательный)

undeveloped (develop - развивать)

III. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных слов:

Minerals, process, skeleton, phosphorus, class, electric, automatically, individual, progressive, transpiration, experiment, hectare, function, organ, control, naturalist.

IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив в функции подлежащего и обстоятельства цели.

a) 1. То feed the animals properly is necessary.

2. To produce much milk is their main rask.

3. It is necessary to keep the animals in warm and dry buildings.

b) 1. (In order) to feed the animals properly the farmer should grow grasses and grains.

2. Cows should be given nutritious feeds (in order) to produce milk.

3. (In order) to grow well the animals should be kept properly.

COMPOSITION OF FEEDS

Feeds are composed of many substances. The more common of them are water, protein, carbohydrates, fata, minerals and vitamins.

Water

Feeds vary greatly in moisture or water content. The amount of water in oats and barley, for instance, is usually as little as 8 to 10% (per cent), while silage, roots and green feeds contain as much as 70 to 90 per cent water. Dairy cows should drink as much water as possible for the production of milk as milk is 87% water.

Proteins

Proteins are complex substances used to build up tissue, promote growth, maintain and stimulate milk and fat production, develop the unborn calf and supply protein in milk. A cow producing 25 pounds of milk daily must receive 2.5 to 3 pounds of protein in her ration. The lack of protein will reduce the amount of milk produced by a cow. The necessary amount of protein may be provided by feeding both roughage and concentrated feeds, such as linseed meal, cottonseed meal, soybeans, alfalfa and clover hay, green crops and others.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are starches, sugars and fibre. They supply most of the energy required by the animals in order to do work, to keep themselves warm and to produce milk. Concentrated feeds such as oats, barley, corn, wheat, rye are high in carbohydrates. That is why to provide the animals with concentrates is very important.

Fats

Fats in the diet are also used as a source of energy. But excessive fat in the ration is undesirable because it may lead to digestive troubles. Fats supply more heat and energy than carbohydrates. Oil bearing seeds are the main sources of fat.

Minerals

Minerals are essential for the growth of the skeleton and all body processes. About 80 per cent of the mineral matter, chiefly calcium and phosphorus is found in the skeleton. It is therefore very important

to supply the young animals whose skeleton is growing rapidly with enough minerals.

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