LESSON 1 3 страница

Vitamins

Vitamins play an important part in the feeding of all classes of livestock. They are required in small amounts for the normal growth and health of the animals.

To be in thrifty condition farm animals are to be provided with all these substances in proper proportion.

Пояснения к тексту

1. vary in- различаться по

2. for instance- например

3. as little as- (перед цифрой) - всего лишь, только

4. as much as,, „_ч

as many as " (^пеР^ед Ч^ИФР^0И)" Ч^елы* Д°

5. that is why - вот почему, поэтому

6. digestive troubles - пищеварительные расстройства

7. oil bearing seeds - семена масличных культур

8. thrifty condition - упитанное состояние, упитанность.

Запомните: as (much) as possible - как можно (больше) Активные слова и выражения

composition, substance, to receive, fat, carbohydrate, to reduce, thrifty condition, to drink (drank, drunk), as... as possible.

V. Составьте предложения, соединял подходящие по смыслу части.

1. Roots are a. indigestible fibre

2. The feeding value of grass b. stimulate fat and milk production

3. Roughages are not c. should be given to dairy cows.

4. Concentrates are low in d. in small amounts

5. Plenty of water e. high in water

6. Proteins f. is the highest in spring

7. Carbohydrates and fats are g. suitable for pigs

8. Vitamins are necessary h. the sources of energy

VI. Напишите словарные формы следующих слов:

Существительные: calves, branches, pigsties
Прилагательные: highest, better, more, larger, earlier, easier.
Причастия: mixed, produced, fed, dried, flowering.

Глаголы: supplies, does, made, developed,

classified.

VII. Определите функции инфинитива в следующих предложениях, переведите.

1. То obtain good gains the animals should be provided with proper feeding and management. 2. To develop properly pigs ought to be kept on good pasture. 3. To supply the young animals with minerals is very important. 4. To produce milk cows must be provided with enough carbohydrates and fats. 5. To produce 25 pounds of milk daily a cow is to be supplied with 2,5 to 3 pounds of protein in her ration. 6. It is necessary to keep the animals in thrifty condition. 7. The animals should receive all the substances in proper proportion in order to develop properly, 8. To do work the animals need carbohydrates.

VIII. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на выражение as... as possible.

1. Hogs should be given as little roughages as possible. 2. The quality of feed should be as high as possible. 3. These animals ought to consume as much succulents as possible. 4. The soil for this experiment should be as rich as possible. 5. Farmers should use pastures as early as possible in spring.

IX. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What do feeds vary in?

2. Why should dairy cows consume plenty of water?

3. What are proteins used for?

4. How many pounds of proteins is it necessary to give a cow
producing 25 pounds of milk a day?

5. What do carbohydrates supply?

6. What is energy required for?

7. Do fats supply less energy than carbohydrates?

8. Why are minerals essential for the young animals?

9. Are vitamins required by the animals in great amounts?

X. Переведите на английский язык.

а) жир, углевод, упитанное состояние, снижать, получать, со­став, пить, вещество, как можно выше.

б) 1. Чтобы расти хорошо, животные должны получать все не-
обходимые вещества. 2. Давать животным все необходимые веще-
ства очень важно. 3. Чтобы производить молоко, корова должна
получать много воды и питательных веществ. 4. Обеспечивать
животных протеином необходимо.

в) Л. Так как в корнеплодах содержится много воды и мало
протеина и минеральных веществ, они должны использоваться в
сочетании с грубыми и концентрированными кормами. 2. В хорошо облиственном сене содержание протеина может повышаться
до 15-18%. 3. Состав и питательная ценность соломы зависят от
вида культуры, ее уборки и многих других факторов. 4. Натуральные корма не всегда обеспечивают потребность сельскохозяйственных животных в витаминах. 5. Чтобы получать высокие привесы у свиней, необходимо обеспечивать их высокопитательными кормами.

XI. Прочтите текст. Выпишите из него предложение, где гово­рится о том, когда нужно давать животным больше воды, а когда меньше.

The Importance of Water for Farm Animals

Water is very important for farm animals. They should be provided with the necessary amount of water every day. The quantity of water required by the animals varies with the nature of the feed, the activity of the animal and the season as well.

The water content of feeds varies greatly. Roots, for instance, are about 88 percent water, while hay is only 15 per cent.

Dairy cows must be supplied with large amounts of water for milk production as milk is high in water. A high-yielding dairy cow will drink as much as 8-10 gallons of water per day. In warm weather and after eating hay cows require more water than in cold weather and after eating succulent feeds.

Water given to the animals should be clean. It should not be too cold or too warm.

Повторение темы "Feeds"

I. Прочтите текст и скажите, что такое сбалансированный ра­цион.

Animals need food to provide themselves with heat and energy. Consuming food, animals obtain the necessary nutrients in order to live and move. Food is also necessary for the growth of the animals.

Ration is the amount of food given to the animal during 24 hours. A balanced ration is the one which provides several nutrients in such proportion and amount that will maintain the animal in thrifty condition. A balanced ration should consist of the proper proportion of roughages, succulents and concentrates

II. Прочтите текст. Составьте план к нему по-английски.

Nutrient Substances

Cows require liberal amounts of carbohydrates. The feeds supplying carbohydrates are concentrate feeds such as oats, barley, com, wheat, rye or any combination of these grains. The lack of such feeds will reduce the milk yields and the weight of the animal.

High protein feeds are rather scarce and usually more expensive[3] than low protein feeds. Protein rich concentrates used in feeding cows are linseed meal, cottonseed meal, soybeans and others. Roughage feeds high in protein are alfalfa and clover hay, soybean hay and growing green crops such as grass, green oats and green rye. Cows can have protein from both roughage and concentrate feeds.

The experiments have shown that the milk yield of cows may be reduced when insufficient quantities of fat are fed. In the ration cows should receive 70% of the total fat secreted during the lactation period. Oil bearing seeds are the main sources of high fat feeds.

Cows need sufficient quantities of calcium, phosphorus and iodine". Cows not receiving sufficient minerals often reduce their milk production. Minerals may be provided by feeding cows with well balanced rations.

Cows require most of the known vitamins. These are usually supplied in sufficient amounts when good quality feeds are fed in winter and when cattle are on pasture during summer. Vitamin A is supplied largely by feeding fresh[4] grass and clover and well-made green colour hays. Vitamin В is largely supplied by the grains and vitamin D through sunlight. Vitamin D is necessary for the proper assimilation of minerals.

III. Прочтите текст. Укажите номер абзаца, в котором говорит-
ся: а) о низкокачественном сене; б) о высококачественном сене.

Hay

1. Low quality hay. This type of hay is made from very mature grass cut during July. It has not been grazed before cutting. It usually has little leaf. This type of hay should not be fed to milking cows in large amounts. Other cattle may be provided with this hay in any quantity. If dairy cows are fed with such hay concentrates should be provided for them. The amount of concentrates varies with the milk yield of a cow and the quality of the concentrate.

2. This hay may be classified as hay which is rather mature but has a good proportion of leaf. There is no need to limit greatly this type of hay. It is usually fed to appetite[5] but better results are obtained if not more than about 20 pounds are fed per day.

3. It is very difficult to obtain this type of hay. It should be made from young green grass which cannot be properly dried in the field. Barn hay drying allows to obtain such hay. It is as nutritious as good pasture grasses. There is no limit in feeding it. It is the forage of high digestibility. Best cows are allowed to eat this type of hay to appetite. They will eat 30- to 40 pounds and produce three and more gallons of milk without supplementary concentrates.

4. П. Ответьте по-русски на вопрос: "Какое сено можно давать неограниченно?"

LESSON 8

ТЕМА: CALF

ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

1. Самостоятельный причастный оборот, § 15.

2. Формы с окончанием -ing (повторение).

3. Значения слов for, too, until

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ:

1. Префикс de-

2. Суффиксы -ful, -less

1. Слова и выражения для повторения:

herd, management, beef, to increase, birth, calf (calves) age, to drink, whole milk, to cause, scour, to contain, amount, quantity, hay, pasture, grass, legume, grain, exercise, root crop, to breed, a breed.

II. Переведите следующие глаголы, образованные при помощи отрицательного префикса de-, который выражает значение противоположного действия.

to increase (увеличивать) - to decrease to mobilize (мобилизовать) - to demobilize to compose (составлять) - to decompose

III. Переведите следующие прилагательные, образованные от
существительных при помощи суффиксов -ful (выражает наличие
качества) и -less (выражает отсутствие качества):

саге (забота) - careful, careless use (польза) - useful, useless fruit (плод) - fruitful, fruitless

IV. Сгруппируйте слова по частям речи (существительные,
прилагательные, наречия, глаголы).

elimination, consequently, confinement, dependence, homeless, successful, gradually, comparable, queenless, wide, consumption, dehorn, internal, normally, harmful, excellent, democratic, producer, influence, deforest, dusty, receiver, incomparable, infectious, higher, shorten, largely, unfavourable, lowest.

V. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных
слов:

to secrete, start, temperature, adaptation, rotation, lucerne, population, effectively, recommendation, combination, storm, special, factor, fact, finish.

VI. Переведите предложения, Обратите внимание на перевод
самостоятельного причастного оборота.

L Feeds being nutritious, our animals grow well.

2. Roughages being high in fibre, pigs are not fed such feeds.

3. Concentrates supplying much energy, farmers should provide the animals with them.

4.It is necessary to supply dairy cows with protein, the amount varing with their productivity.

5.We raise some breeds of dairy cows, this one beings the most productive.

CALP

Cattle are kept for two main purposes: beef production and milk production. The management of a dairy herd differs markedly from that of beef producing animals, for milk production is a daily process.

The life of a dairy cow may be divided into three periods.

The first period is the one which lasts from the birth of a dairy calf up to about the age of 6 months. The second period lasts from 6 months until the heifer calve a for the first time, usually at about 2,5 years of age. The last period is the period of the maturity of a dairy cow.

The calf being normal after birth, the cattleman should leave it with its mother. Being healthy, the calf will soon get to its feet and start nursing. The first milk, colostrum, is very important for the new-born calf. It ic secreted by the cow for 4 or 5 days after calving. The calf usually sucks its dam for about a week. Then it should be put into an individual pen and taught to drink milk from a pail. Calves should be fed whole milk at the same temperature as milk from the udder of the cow, the rate being about 1 to 1.5 gallons a day. Feeding cold milk or too much milk will cause scours. Feeding at irregular intervale may cause digestive troubles too.

Calves being 3 weeks old, other feeds containing fibre should be given. All calves at this age should have access to a small amount of good-quality hay and clean water.

• Whole milk is to be given until calves reach 8 to 10 weeks of age. Calves reaching this age, whole milk must be gradually decreased and skim milk or a milk substitute is given. From this age on dry feeding is increased while milk is decreased.

Calves should be turned out to pasture in spring as early as possible. Being kept on good pasture in summer, calves do not require any other additional feed. Calves being on poor grass, large amounts of hay, roots and a small amount of concentrates are necessary in addition to pasture. In winter calves should receive legume or grass hay. The quantity of grain is different, depending on the quality of hay fed to the calves.

Young heifers reaching about 18 to 20 months of age, a careful watch is kept upon them and when they come into heat, they are bred.

Пояснения к тексту

1. up to - до

2. for the first time - в первый раз

3. skim milk - снятое молоко

4. from this age on - с этого возраста...

5. depending on - в зависимости от

6. a careful watch is kept upon them - за ними внимательно на­блюдают

7. to turn out to pasture - выгонять на пастбище

8. come into heat - приходить в охоту

Запомните

until - (союз) до тех пор, пока... не (+ сказ.) for - 1. (предлог) для; в течение (перед указанием периода вре­мени).

2. (союз) так как (часто после запятой) too - 1. тоже, также (в конце предложения)

2. слишком (перед прилагательным или наречием)

Активные слова и выражения

to calve, colostrum, to suck, dam, pen, udder, rate, to decrease, skim milk, to turn out to pasture, for, too, until.

VII. Выделите нестандартные глаголы и дайте их основные
формы.

fatten, consume, collect, breed, use, raise, feed, provide, supply, keep, grow, milk, graze, give, increase, separate, wean, develop, require, vary with, depend on, make, contain, receive, drink, calve, nurse, suck, decrease.

VIII. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами:
dam, water, a pail, calves, skim milk, carbohydrates, young, colostrum,
too, fats, hay.

1. The heifer usually... at about 2.5 years of age. 2. The first milk…, is very important for the calf. 3. The calf usually sucks its... for about a week. 4. Then the calf begins to drink milk from.... 5. One should not give the calf... cold milk. 6. At three weeks the calf is given some.... 7. The calf being 10 weeks old,… …is given. 8. To produce milk cows need much... and nutritious feed. 9. Energy is supplied by... and.... 10. Minerals are especially required by... animals.

IX. Выделите самостоятельный причастный оборот в следующих предложениях; переведите.

1.A cow producing 25 pounds of milk, 2.5 to 3 pounds of protein must be provided in her ration. 2. Wheat straw containing large amounts

of indigestible fibre, the farmers use it for bedding. 3. Farmers using rotational grazing, the animals eat fresh and clean grass all the time. 4. The calf being healthy at birth, whole milk from the pail was given to it on the third day. 5. Feeds are composed of many substances, some of them being required in small amounts for the growth of the animals. 6. Spring grass being high in water, cows should not eat it too much. 7. In fattening the animals are fed highly nutritious feeds, feed low in nutrients being given in small amounts. 8. Fats being supplied in large amounts, digestive troubles may take place. 9. Cattle breeders market the calves at the age of 6 or 8 weeks, the calves weighing about 200 to 300 pounds at this time.

X. Определите функции слов с окончанием -ing; переведите.
1. Weaning calves is usually done at the age of 8 weeks. 2. The

farmers weaning calves at the age of 8 weeks receive good results. 3. This farmer weaning his calves at the age of 8 weeks, the calves grow and develop well. 4. Weaning calves at the age of 8 weeks, the farmers receive good results.

XI. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на значение
выделенных слов.

a) 1. The calves for vealing are fed whole milk until they reach the weight of about 300 pounds. 2. Young grass should not be grazed until it is 4-8 in. high. 3. The calf usually sucks its dam until it is about a week old.

b) 1. Carbohydrates and fats are very important for the animals, for they supply most of the energy. 2. The feeding value of this silage is very high, for it is made of young leafy grass. 3. Whole milk is fed to the calf for 8 or 10 weeks.

c) 1. The animals should not be given too cold water to drink. 2. This calf house is too old too. 3. Wheat straw is too high in indigestible fibre. 4. This grass is too young to pasture the cattle on it. 5. The bulls are on pasture too.

XII. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Why does the management of a dairy herd differ from that of a
beef herd?

2. How many periods may the life of a cow be divided into?

3. When does a heifer calve for the first time?

4. What is very important for the calf for the first 4 or 5 days?

5. How long does a calf suck its dam?

6. What may cause scours?

7. When is the feeding of whole milk decreased?

8. What feed is necessary for young calves in summer?

9. What should the calves receive in winter?

10. When are heifers bred?

XIII. Переведите на английский язык.

а) молозиво, вымя, в течение, уменьшать(ся), снятое молоко,
покрывать, телиться, матка, слишком, норма, клеть, до тех пор,
пока... не.

б) 1. Так как климат здесь теплый скот содержат на пастбище
и летом и зимой. 2. Снятое молоко содержит большое количество
переваримого белка. Оно очень важно для поросят и телят.

3. Животновод уменьшает норму цельного молока постепенно.

4. Теленок должен сосать свою матку в течение недели после рож­дения.

в) 1. При выращивании молодняка задача состоит не только в
том, чтобы вырастить всех рожденных телят, но и получить высокопродуктивных животных. 2. Рост и развитие телят контролируют взвешиванием, причем первое взвешивание проводят после рождения теленка, а последующие ежемесячно. 3. В зависимости от условий в хозяйствах применяются различные способы выращивания телят. 4. Так как молозиво богато белками, витаминами и минеральными веществами, оно является очень важным кормом в первые дни жизни новорожденных телят. 5. Содержат телят как в индивидуальных клетках, так и группами в секциях.

XIV. Прочтите текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Are all cattle breeds high-productive?

2. What are the leading dairy breeds in the USA?

3. How many most commonly bred beef breeds are there in the
USA?

4. What is a dual - purpose breed?
Cattle Breeds

There are many breeds of both dairy and beef cattle. Some of them are high-productive. The productivity of others may be average or low.

The cattle of dairy breeds are raised by man for the production of milk which is very important for the diet of the people.

In the Northern areas of the USA the Holstein is the leading dairy breed. In the Southern states the Jersey is more popular than other dairy breeds raised there.

Beef breeds are kept not for milk but for meat. There are five most commonly bred beef breeds in the USA. Most farmers breed the Shorthorn and Hereford beef breeds of cattle.

There are also breeds which are kept for the production of both milk and meat. Such breeds are known as dual-purpose breeds. Two of them, the Red Polled and Milking Shorthorn are known as the best dual-purpose breeds of cattle in this country.

LESSON 9

ТЕМА: MATURE DAIRY COW ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

1. Сложное подлежащее, § 7

2. Союз "unless"

3. Парный союз "the... the"

4. Отрицательное местоимение "по"

I. Слова и выражения для повторения:

roughage, to milk, wheat bran, calving, dry, to produce, supply, kind, nutrient, weaning, age, cattle breeder, poultry, oats, to take exercise, to consume, udder, to increase, to decrease, to reduce, skim milk, one, as to, as well as, in order to, most, until.

П. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие сло­ва и переведите их, не пользуясь словарем.

1. digestible, to digest, digestion, indigestible.

2. addition, to add, additional, adding, added.

3. starch, starchy.

4. water, to water, waterless, watering.

III. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующее интернациональных слов:

normal, economic, herbicide, characteristic, import, procedure, local, regular, secret, national, type, instrument.

IV. Переведите предложения; обратите внимание на перевод
сложного подлежащего.

1. Cattle are known to be kept for the production of meat and milk. 2. This dairy cow is said to produce much milk. 3. Calves are believed

43

to be on pasture now. 4. Feeds are known to vary in water content. 5. Proteins are known to be complex substances. 6. This beef breed has been found to be the bast in our region. 7. Concentrates are known to be high in protein.

MATURE DAIRY COW

The period of maturity of a dairy cow lasts from about 2.5 years onward.

The gestation period in cows is known to last about nine months. The cow in calf should be dried off at least six weeks before calving. Dry period may vary ic different cows. During this period the cow should be given plenty of roughages and some grain unless she is in good flesh or on good pasture. The more milk is drawn off from the cow's udder the more will be secreted. That is why to dry off a cow the number of milkings should be reduced to one daily at first and then she should be milked every other day.

About a week before the calving date wheat bran should be given to the pregnant cow. Bran is known to be a cooling and laxative feed. It is very desirable for the cow before calving. -A warm, dry, well-bedded stall should be provided for the cow at the time of calving. Calving being normal, no assistance is required. To know when each cow is to calve one must keep a breeding record, showing when cows were bred. Accurate dates of calving may be obtained only when hand mating is practised.

The duration of lactation has been found to vary with the age of the cow, the breed and feeding. In the case of a first calver it usually lasts about 8 to 10 months. Some high-yielding cows may produce milk for a year. The better the cow is fed and cared for, the longer is the period of lactation.

In preparing rations for milking cows many factors should be considered. Rations are to provide carbohydrates in a readily available form, have the proper amount of good quality protein, provide sufficient fat and mineral matter and contain the necessary vitamins. To obtain high milk yields is the aim of every cattleman. That is why they try to supply their cows with nutritious feeds. The more nutritious is the ration the more milk the dairy cows will produce. Unless dairy cows are fed the proper amount and kinds of feeds, they will not be provided with sufficient nutrients to produce high milk yields.

A dairy cow is known to require a very liberal supply of water, 3 to 4 gallons of water being needed for each gallon of milk produced by the cow.

No increase in milk yields will take place if feeding and management conditions are improper.

Пояснения к тексту

1. cow in calf _ стельная корова pregnant cow

2. dry off - запускать (корову)

3. at least - по крайней мере

4. dry period - сухостойный период, сухостой

5. to be in good flesh - быть в упитанном состоянии

6. every other day - через день

7. hand mating - ручное спаривание

8. to keep a breeding record - вести зооучет

Запомните

1. unless - если... не (+ сказ.)

2. the + срав. степ, прилаг.... the + срав. степ, прилаг. - чем...

тем

3. по - (никакой, ни один)... не (+ сказ.)

Активные слова и выражения

gestation period, to dry off, pregnant, available, to mate, dry period, to keep a breeding record, number, calving, unless, the... the, no.

V. Составьте предложения, соединяя подходящие по смыслу части.

1.During six weeks before calving a. is needed for a dairy cow.

2.The cow should be milked b. depends on the age, breed and

feeding.

3. Wheat bran c. may produce as much as 2000

gallons of milk per year.

4. The period of lactation d. plenty of roughage is fed to the

cow.

5. Some cows e. unless they are fed and cared for

properly.

6.Liberal amount of water f. every other day before calving.

7.Cows will not produce much g. is very good for the cow before milk calving.

VI. Выберите подходящее по смыслу слово. Переведите предложения, не пользуясь словарем.

1. The cow is dried off at least six weeks before (weaning, calving, milking). 2. The (digestion, duration, gestation) period in cows lasts about nine months. 3. Good feeding (increases, decreases) milk yields. 4. Carbohydrates should be in an (valuable, available) from. 5. Ration should provide (efficient, essential, sufficient) fat and minerals. 6. Little milk is produced by the cow if feeding and management conditions are (proper improper, properly).

VII. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание
на сложное подлежащее.

1. Drying off a cow is believed to be done at least six weeks before calving. 2. The duration of lactation of a first calver is known to last 8 to 10 months. 3. The amount of feed for a dairy cow is known to vary with the amount of milk produced by her. 4. These poultry houses are known to be provided with proper ventilation. 5. Cows are said to be kept on pasture there both in winter and in spring. 6. About 10 pounds of milk has been found to be necessary for one pound of gain. 7. The best veal is considered to be obtained by liberal feeding of whole milk. 8, The total amount of milk needed during the period of vealing is known to depend on the birth weight of the calf. 9. Hay made from young grass is considered to be better than that made from mature grass. 10. Roughage feeds which are known to be high in protein are alfalfa and clover hay.

VIII. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание
на выделенные слова.

a) 1. Calves will not grow well unless they are kept on good pastures.

2. Cows will not produce high milk yields unless they are supplied with sufficient carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins.

3. Unless there is enough high-quality feed, the pigs will not gain in weight properly.

b) 1. The more we take care of the animals the better they will grow. 2. The younger is the grass the better is the silage made from it. 3. The more nutritious is the feed the more suitable it is for fattening hogs. 4. The higher is the milk yield of the cow the greater should be the amount of protein in her ration.

c) 1. No animal will live without water. 2. No cows will produce much milk unless they are fed properly. 3. No calves ware pastured yesterday because it was very cold. 4. No g rass will grow well on this soil.

IX. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. When should the cow be dried off?

2. Why should the number of milking be reduced?

3. What is given to the cow a week before calving?

4. What does the duration of lactation vary with?

5. What should rations for dairy cows provide?

6. Under what conditions will the cow produce much milk?

7. How many gallons of water are required for each gallon of milk produced by the cow?

X. Переведите на английский язык.

а) запускать корову, период беременности, отел, сухостойный период, чем выше... тем лучше, сухостойная корова, количество
(число), если... не, доступный, ручное спаривание, вести зооучет.

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