Lightning

Text 1

Active Words and Expressions

lightning – молния flash – вспышка indeed – кроме того thunderstorm – гроза spark – вспышка thunder – гром to destroy – разрушать phenomenon (phenomena) – явление to throw – кидать, бросать powerful – мощный property – свойство to name after – называть в честь to invent – придумывать, изобретать

to solve – решать to result – приводить discharge – разряд charge – заряд danger – опасность dangerous – опасный conductor – проводник to conduct – проводить to provide – обеспечивать, снабжать path – путь, контур эл. цепи achievement – достижение observation – наблюдение to take interest in – интересоваться

The lightning flash is certainly the earliest manifestation of electricity known to a man, although for a long time nobody knew that lighting and atmospheric electricity are one and the same thing. Indeed, for thousands of years people knew nothing about thunderstorms. However, they saw long sparks falling from the dark sky and heard thunder. They knew that these sparks could kill people or strike their houses and destroy them. Trying to understand that dangerous phenomenon, they imagined things and invented numerous stories.

Take the early Scandinavians as an example! They thought that thunderstorms were produced by Thor, the god of thunder. Besides his throwing both thunder and lightning at some people, he was a hammer-thrower. According to the story his powerful hammer had the property of always coming back to his hands after it had been thrown. The fifth day of the week, that is Thursday, was named after him. A story like that invented by those early Scandinavians could be also heard from other peoples.

However, time flies. Thunderstorms have long stopped being a problem that scientists tried to solve. All know, at present, that lighting is a very great flash of light resulting from a discharge of atmospheric electricity either between charged clouds or between a charged cloud and the earth.

Even now some people do not like being out during a thunderstorm. Dark clouds cover the sky, turning day into night. There are lighting flashes followed by thunder which can be heard for kilometers around. Needless to say, there is always some danger in a thunderstorm for a very high building or a man standing in the open field.

Many years ago people learned to protect their houses from thunderstorms. Coming down from a charged cloud to the earth, lightning usually strikes the nearest conductor. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an easy path along which electrons are conducted to the earth. That Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning conductor is a well-known fact. The lightning conductor, familiar to anybody at present, is a metal device protecting building from lightning strokes by conducting the electrical charges to the earth.

Franklin’s achievements in the field of electricity were known to Lomonosov who, in his turn, made experiments of his own. Among other scientific problems that Lomonosov studied was also that of atmospheric electricity. It greatly interested both Lomonosov and his friend Professor Rihman. Both of them tried to solve the problem in question. They made numerous experiments and observations without thinking of the possible danger. In order to get better results Rihman constructed the first electrical measuring device in the world. However, making experiments of that kind was so dangerous that Professor Rihman was killed by a stroke of lightning during one of his observations.

As for Franklin’s well-known kite experiment, you will find it in the following lesson.

1. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the Gerund:

a) 1. Learning English is not easy thing. 2. His friend began learning the English language. 3. The professor knew about our going to the power station. 4. There are many methods of solving this problem. 5. On coming home, my father began watching television.

b) 1. We didn’t know about his being sent to the power station. 2. I remember my having told her about the experiment. 3. His having asked such a question shows that he did not prepare the text. 4. We know of different experiments being made in this laboratory. 5. Your having been sent to St. Petersburg was known to everybody.
6. Everybody knew about your having asked such a question.

2. Complete the following sentences using the Gerund according to the model given below:

Model: When will you finish (to read) …?

When will you finish reading this English book?

1. Do you like (to go)…? 2. My friend never thought of (to become)…? 3. This is the device for (to turn)…. 4. Excuse me for (to be late) …. 5. Why are you translating a scientific article without (to read) …?

Дата добавления: 2015-05-08