Precise time 2)months, years, centuries and long periods 3)days and dates

At in on

Прийменникичасу (Prepositions of time).

Prepositions of Time

(Прийменники часу)

Ex.6.Прочитайте та запам’ятайте новий граматичний матеріал:

Preposition	Use	Examples
in	in months	in July; in September
year	in 1985; in 1999
seasons	in summer; in the summer of 69
part of the day	n the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening
duration	in a minute; in two weeks
at	part of the day	at night
time of day	at 6 o'clock; at midnigh
celebrations	at Christmas; at Easter
fixed phrases	at the same time
on	days of the week	on Sunday; on Friday
date	on the 25th of December*
special holidays	on Good Friday; on Easter Sunday; on my birthday
a special part of a day	on the morning of September the 11th*
after	later than smt.	after school
ago	how far sth. happened (in the past)	6 years ago
before	earlier than sth.	before Christmas
between	time that separates two points	between Monday and Friday
by	not later than a special time	by Thursday
during	through the whole of a period of time	during the holidays
for	period of time	for three weeks
from... to from... till/until	two points form a period	from Monday to Wednesday from Monday till Wednesday from Monday until Wednesday
since	point of time	since Monday

Тут ми розглянемо основні прийменники часу. До них належать: at, in, і on, які, у більшості випадків означають «о» або «в, у». Але у чому ж різниця між ними, як визначити, де який з них використовувати?

At – о. Говорячи про години, використовуйте прийменник «at». Англійці говорять: «I come home at five o'clock» - «Я приходжу додому о п'ятій», «She starts her work at nine» - «Вона починає роботу о дев'ятій».

In – в. Згадуючи про події, які відбуваються в якийсь рік, певну пору року або дня, використовуйте «in». Наприклад, Ви часто почуєте: «I have breakfast in the morning» - «Я снідаю вранці», «I have vacation in summer» - «У мене відпустка влітку», «In 2007 people are very busy» - «У 2007 році люди дуже зайняті».

On – по, в. Говорячи про дні тижня, використовуйте прийменник «on». Наприклад, «My sister was born on Monday» - «Моясестранародиласявпонеділок», «My brother goes to school on Fridays» - «Мійбратходитьушколупоп'ятницях».

at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday

at 10.30am in summeron Tuesdays

at noon in the summer on 6 March

at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010

at bedtime in the 1990s onChristmas Day

at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day

at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday

at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve

Ex.7. Заповніть пропуски прийменниками часуon, in абоat:

1. … Friday evening my parents usually get home from work early.

2. My father doesn’t like to do drive a car … night.

3. My Mum wakes up … 7 o’clock.

4. I usually take a shower … the morning.

5. They often go to the Black Sea … summer.

6. We’ll discuss this project … a week.

7. Shakespeare wrote “Hamlet” … 1603.

8. Columbus crossed the Atlantic …1492.

9. We usually have a lot of guests … Christmas.

10. Sometimes they go to the Sports club … Monday.

11. Mary’s birthday is … the twenty-second of October.

Ex.8. Заповніть таблицю прийменниками часу on, in абоat:

1. _____ March

2. _____ Wednesday

3. _____ 1778

4. _____ next week

5. _____ autumn

6. _____ last year

7. _____ Monday morning

8. _____ the morning

9. _____ Tuesday

10. _____ January

11. _____ this evening

12. _____ the evening

13. _____ Monday evening

14. _____ the moment

15. _____ 13:15

16. _____ last year

17. _____ Christmas

18. _____ 1893

19. _____ midnight

20. _____ Easter

21. _____ last Easter

22. _____ 4:45

23. _____ winter

24. _____ the morning

25. _____ night

Ex.9.Заповніть текст поданими нижче прийменниками:

on (2), in(3), at (2), for, since, by

1. Peter is playing tennis ______ Sunday.

2. My brother's birthday is ______ the 5th of November.

3. My birthday is ______ May.

4. We are going to see my parents ______ the weekend.

5. ______ 1666, a great fire broke out in London.

6. I don't like walking alone in the streets ______ night.

7. What are you doing ______ the afternoon?

8. My friend has been living in Canada______ two years.

9. I have been waiting for you ______ seven o'clock.

10. I will have finished this essay ______ Friday.

Домашнє завдання:

Ex.1,6. Вивчити граматичні правила.

Ex.10. Перекладіть подані нижче речення англійською мовою:

1. Я тут, у своїй кімнаті.

2. Принеси мені, будь ласка, пляшку води з холодильника.

3. Прибери книги з підлоги і поклади їх на полицю.

4. Будь ласка, піди в садок і полий квіти.

5. Витягни ручку з кишені. На твоєму піджаку велика пляма.

6. Твій кіт часто плигає на стіл і сидить біля акваріуму.

7. Твої папуги вриваються в мою кімнату і сидять на комп’ютері.

8. Вийди з моєї кімнати!

9. Наш автобус поряд з автобусною зупинкою.

10. Давайте зустрінемося біля вашого будинку.

Ex.11.Заповніть пропуски підходящими за змістом прийменниками з дужок:

1. Sometimes to climb … the mountain is easier than to climb ….(down, up, in)

2. Hilary and Tensing went … Mount Everest in 1953. (down, up)

3. The Flying Fish leap … to two meters out of water. (down, up)

4. There are nine planets in the Solar System. They go … the Sun. (along, round)

Ex.12. Вставте прийменникиon, in або at:

1) There was a loud noise which woke us up _________ midnight.

2) Do you usually eat chocolate eggs _________ Easter?

3) What are you doing _________ the weekend?

4) _________ last week I worked until 9pm _________ every night.

5) My father always reads the paper _________ breakfast time.

6) She plays tennis _________ Fridays.

7) The trees here are really beautiful _________ the spring.

8) I'll see you _________ Tuesday afternoon then.

9) Shakespeare died _________ 1616.

10) She studies _________ every day.

11) John is going to buy the presents _________ today.

12) In my hometown, the shops open early _________ the morning.

13) She met her husband _________ 1998.

14) The party is _________ next Saturday.

15) We are meeting _________ Friday morning.

16) I often get sleepy _________ the afternoon.

17) His daughter was born _________ the 24th of August.

18) Mobile phones became popular _________ the nineties.

19) Luckily the weather was perfect _________ her wedding day.

Питання для самоконтролю:

1. Які прийменники напрямку, руху та часу ви знаєте?

2. Коли вживається прийменник in?

UNIT 13. Контрольний зріз знань

Unit14.

MARKETING

Маркетинг

Ex. 1. Прочитайте та запам’ятайте наступні слова та вирази:

marketing – продаж, маркетинг

producer — виробник

consumer — споживач

distribution — збут,

storing – зберігання

product planning — розробка нових продуктів

storage – зберігання

pricing – калькуляція цін

traffic — торгівля

marketing research — вивчення ринку збута

to predict — передбачати

to influence – впливати

price leader — виробник, який встановлює найнижчу ціну на певний товар

Price sensitive item -товар, рівень продажу якого дуже залежить від ціни

To be brand loyal- надавати перевагу

to raise the price – підвищувати ціну

to market — продавати

promotional campaign – рекламна компанія

toschedule — розробляти план

packaging — упаковка

competitor -конкурент

Ex. 2.Перекладіть текст:

Marketing

Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the
movement of goods and services from producers to consumers.
Sometimes it is called distribution. On the one hand, marketing is
made up of such activities as transporting, storing and selling goods
and, on the other hand, a series of decisions you make during the pro­cess of moving goods from producer to user. Marketing operations in­clude product planning, buying, storage, pricing, promotion, sell­ing, credit, traffic and marketing research.

The ability to recognize early trends is very important. Producers must know why, where, for what purpose the consumers buy. Market research helps the producer to predict what the people will want. And through advertising he attempts to influence the customer to buy. Marketing operations are very expensive. They take up more than half of the customer's dollar. The trend in the USA has been to high mass consumption. The construction of good shopping centres has made goods available to consumers. It provided a wide range of merchandize and plenty of parking facilities.

Ex. 3. Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1. What does marketing mean?

2. What activities does marketing consist of?

3. What do marketingoperations include?

4. Why is it so important for the producer to predict the trends?

5. How was mass consumption possible in the USA?

Ex. 4. Заповніть пропуски:

predict, influence, promote, marketing, trends, distribution, market research, product plan­ning, consumer.

1. One of the aims of market research is to indicate new... amongpeople.

2. Advertising must... the consumer and make him buy the goods pro­duced.

3. Often marketing is called....

4. In order to sell a new product, a producer has_: to consider how to...it.

5. The goods of this company are not sold very well, they must thinkabout....

6. Sometimes it is difficult to... through advertising.

7. If you want to produce something new, you should start with....

8. A producer wants to... the new trends and then tries to influencethem.

9.... includes product development and pricing among other things.

Ex. 5. Прочитайте та перекладіть діалог:

Don Hey, Sally, look at these figures. The price of sugar is going up 10% during the next year.

Sally Oh, that's bad. That means trouble for our jam line.

Don I think so too. Sugar is the main ingredient, you knowWhat's your opinion?

Sally Well, we are not the price leaders in the field and jam isvery price sensitive item. According to our marketinq re­search information consumers aren't particularly h loyal about jam.

Don I have a brilliant idea. You know, this could be a great mar­keting opportunity for us.

Sally What do you mean?

Don Well, because of the price rise on sugar we know that price of jam will go up too. The increase will pass on the con­sumer, won't it?

Sally Right.

Don Imagine, we find the possibility of changing the ingredients in the jam so that we wouldn't have to raise the price.

Sally Then we wouldn't trouble about the price rise on sugar be­cause we'll be able to sell jam at the same price. The idea is that we could market less exаpensive jam. What a promo­tional campaign we could have!

Don Sure. If we do it right we'll sell more and become the leader in the market.

Sally Now the first thing is to talk to Research and Development.

Don Right and we'll see when they'll have some samples of new formulars ready.

Sally What about marketing research? I think we should schedule some tests for responses to the R & D samples.

Don Well, there is a lot to do. I think we should also change packaging. Now, Sally, that would be great.

Sally Oh, Don, let's hope for the best. If we don't lose the chance, the competitors products will stay on the super­market shelves.

Don Oh, it's time for lunch. Let's discuss our business in cafe­teria.

Sally Oh, sure, we've got a lot to discuss — distribution, adver­tising...

Ex. 6. Складіть власний діалог на тему: « Marketing»

Домашнє завдання:

Ex. 1 Вивчіть новий лексичний матеріал

Ex.2 Підготувати переказ тексту« Marketing»

Питання для самоконтролю:

1. Що таке маркетинг?

2. Які маркетингові операції ви знаєте?

UNIT 15 The Basic Problems of Economic

Основні проблеми економіки

Ex. 1. Знайдіть синоніми серед наступних слів:

study, precise, complex, subject, essentially, use, exact, matter, basically, mainly, apply, developed, examine, advanced, completely, help, community, totally, assis­tance, society, build, gift, construct, present.

Ex. 2. Знайдіть антоніми серед наступних слів:

begin, difficult, high, poor, inside, wealth, finish, easy, low, prosperous, outside, poverty, capable, dependence, incapable, directly, large, independence, indirectly, small.

Ex. 3. Складіть речення використовуючи наступні слова:

1. limits, of, economics, to, study, the, of, aspects, the,material, itself, life.

2. problem, an, is, underlying, economics, in, that, sur­vival, of.

3. seem, may, a problem, very, this, remote, very.

4. very, starvation, a, prospect, millions, for, real,human, beings, is, of.

5. peasants, an, Indian, have, living, of, the,extremely, standard.

6. people, great, experience, poverty, these.

7. degree, they, a, have, economic, of, independence.

Ex. 4.Заповніть пропуски використовуючи слова наведені в дужках:

1. Synthetic materials have become cheaper, since the... of production are lower now. (value, cost, price)

2. Some­times it is easy to make plans but difficult... them, (to find, to show, to carry out)

3. The money which he... from his parents did not arrive, (expected, respected, avoided)

4. It is obvious that a primitive system of ex­changing goods for goods cannot... the needs of a highly developed economic system, (satisfy, occupy, justify)

5. He was known for his... to solve most complicated problems very quickly, (opportunity, ability, difficulty)

Ex. 5. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:

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