Words that Imitate Sounds Produced by Animals

Table 4

UKRAINIAN	ENGLISH	SPANISH	DANISH
гав-гав	bow-wow	guau-guagu	vov
мяу	miaow	miau	mjav
му-у	moo-moo	muuu	muh
рох-рох	oink-oink	gre-gre-gre	Øf
ку-ка-реку	cock-a-	quiquiriqui	kykkelikyy
	doodle-doo
куд-куд-кудах	cluck-cluck	co-co-co-co	gok-gok-gok
га-га-га	s-s-s	cua-cua	gsk
ку-ку	cuckoo	cucu	kuk-kuk
ква-ква	croak-croak	cruac-cruac	kvzk

5. Stylistic Devices Coded or Carried by Phonetic Expressive
Means (e.g. irony, repetition, climax, inversion, etc.).

The following example illustrates the use of intonation for emotional climax: HALI: Then we will drink.

SANDRA: All right — we'll drink — where's your glass?

HALI (delighted): That is _VGOOD | — that is MAG^NIFI-CENT | — that is ^KNOCK-out!

(N. Coward. "South Sea Bubble")

The emotional tension is produced here at the expense of the gradual increase in emotional evaluation of the words “good, magnificent, knock-out”, pronounced on a gradually rising pitch level (the Low Fall, the Mid Fall and the High Fall respectively).

6. Genres of Speech in the Context of Oral Literature. For example, the so-called 'folk-tale' style is always phonetically identified, as in the following utterance:

" Once upon а T1МЕ | there lived a `GIRL, | who lost her 'father and `MOTHER | when she was quite a 'tiny `CHILD.

("Spindle, Shuttle and Needle")

7. Phonetic Functional Styles. These styles are related to social setting or circumstances in which language is used. It is a
truth universally acknowledged, that a person speaks differently
on different occasions (e.g. when chatting with intimate friends or
talking to official persons, when delivering a lecture, speaking
over the radio or giving a dictation exercise). In other words, the
choice of a speech style is situational.

The problem of speech typology and phonetic differences conditioned by such extra-linguistic factors as age, sex, personal­ity traits, status, occupation, purpose, social identity (or 'class dialect') and the emotional state of the speaker also bear on the issue.

Summing up, phonostylistics is concerned with a wide range of correlated issues. Our knowledge of many of them is, however, still very defective.

Дата добавления: 2015-05-31