Vowel and consonant adjustment in connected speech (Part 3)

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Memorization

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second group 'sekənd 'gru:p 'sekəŋ 'gru:p

first five 'fз:st 'faiv 'fз.s 'faiv

next point 'nekst 'pɔint 'neks 'pɔint

best judge 'best ' dʒʌdʒ 'bes ' dʒʌdʒ

the fact that ðə 'fækt ðət ðə 'fæk ðət

second term 'sekənd 'tз:m 'sekən 'tз:m

[d] elides even more readily than [t]. We find the loss of [d] in a syllable final sequence preceding another consonant but immediately following a vowel.

that it would be ðət it wud 'bi: ðət it wu 'bi

he said some words hi· 'sed sʌm 'wз:dz (h)i 'se səm 'wз:dz

Other consonants tend to be elided in some definite environments. For instance, the consonant [v] is often elided when it is final in an unstressed form word have or of and immediately precedes another consonant.

lists of the 'lists əv ðə 'lists э ðə

students 'stju:dənts 'st(j)u:d(ə)nts

we've been studying wi·v bin 'stʌdiiŋ wi bin 'stʌdiiŋ

of course əv'kɔ:s, əf 'kɔ:s ə'kɒs

The definite article [ðə] is often realized as the neutral sound alone. It occurs in cases when the definiteness of the noun is clearly established and [ə] can only be interpreted as the realization of the definite article [ðə].

and the way he ənd ðə 'wei hi ən(d) ə 'wei (h)i

and the reason for it ənd ðə 'ri:zn fər it ən(d) ə 'ri:zn frt

and the scotchman ənd ðə 'skɒt∫rnən ən(d) ə 'skɒt∫mən

The elision of [1] is restricted to the position after the vowel [ɔ:]. This process was established in the earlier periods of the English language which is relected in the pronunciation of the words talk, walk; sometimes in the word certainly.

all right ɔ:l 'rait ɔ: 'rait

already ɔ: 'redi ɔ:'redi

always 'ɔ:lwiz 'ɔ:wiz

also 'ɔ:lsзu 'ɔ:sзu

The elision of [1] in words beginning with all is typical even for slow full speech style.

8. 3 Phonotactics

Phonotactics is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters, and vowel sequences by means of phonotactical constraints.

Phonotactic constraints are highly language specific. For example, in Japanese, consonant clusters like /st/ do not occur. Similarly, the sounds /kn/ and /gn/ are not permitted at the beginning of a word in Modern English but are in German and Dutch, and were permitted in Old and Middle English. In contrast, in some Slavic languages /l/ and /r/ are used as vowels and many words do not contain the English equivalent of vowels.

· Memorize the main notions from the theoretic part

Suggest one-word/phrase answers to the following statements/questions:

№	Question	Answer
	In the majority of spoken utterances beginning with it’s the initial [I] is …
	English speakers don't … all their words
	Vowel reduction mostly occurs in extended … in sequences of words. …
	Phonotactics is a branch of …
	Does the term linking mean the same as liaison?
	… defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters, and vowel sequences by means of phonotactical constraints.
	Phonotactics deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of …
	The elision of [1] in words beginning with all is typical even for slow full speech …
	The main function of most of the adjustments is to … syllables between stressed elements
	The … article [ðə] is often realized as the neutral sound

Answer the following questions:

a) Where is vowel elision very frequent?

b) What are the most common tendencies in the stylistic modiications of consonants?

c) What is the subject matter of Phonotactics?

d) What is the Vowel reduction? Provide examples of vowel reduction (not less than five).

e) What is the Vowel elision? Provide examples of vowel elision (not less than five)

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