Memorization. In phonology, epenthesis means the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially to the interior of a word

Theory

In phonology, epenthesis means the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially to the interior of a word. Epenthesis may be divided into two types: excrescence, for the addition of a consonant, and anaptyxis for the addition of a vowel.

Separating vowels

A consonant may be added to separate vowels in hiatus. We may view [n] as an epenthetic sound that breaks up a sequence of two vowels: a apple – a n apple.Or the case with linking and intrusive R: drawing → draw r ing.

Bridging consonant clusters

A consonant may be placed between consonants in a consonant cluster where the place of articulation is different (e.g., where one consonant is labial and the other is alveolar): apropos → a m propos, mince → mints; prince → prints; patience → patients; chance → chants; tense → tents; Samson → Sampson; Thomson → Thompson.

Breaking consonant clusters

A vowel may be placed between consonants to separate them: Hamtramck → Hamtram i ck; jewelry → 'jewelery'; contentious → 'contentuous. Other examples of epenthesis: the ubiquitous 'relitor' for realtor and that favorite of sports announcers, 'athalete' for athlete.

Linking R and intrusive R are sandhi or linking phenomena involving the appearance of the rhotic consonant (which normally corresponds to the letter r) between two consecutive morphemes where it would not normally be pronounced. These phenomena occur in many non-rhotic dialects of English, such as those in most of England, Wales and the southern hemisphere.

In many non-rhotic accents, words historically ending in /r/ (as evidenced by an r in the spelling) may be pronounced with [r] when they are closely followed by another morpheme beginning with a vowel sound. So tuner amp may be pronounced [tjunər æmp]. This is the case even though tuner would not otherwise be pronounced with an [r]. Here, "closely" means the following word must be in the same prosodic unit (that is, not separated by a pausa). This phenomenon is known as linking R. Not all non-rhotic varieties feature linking R. A notable non-rhotic accent that does not have linking R is Southern American English.

Intrusive R

The phenomenon of intrusive R is an overgeneralizing reinterpretation of linking R into an r-insertion rule that affects any word that ends in the non-high vowels /ə/, /ɪə/, /ɑː/, or /ɔː/; when such a word is closely followed by another word beginning in a vowel sound, an [r] is inserted between them, even when no final /r/ was historically present. For example, the phrase tuna oil would be pronounced [tjunər ɔɪl]. The epenthetic [r] can be inserted to prevent hiatus, two consecutive vowel sounds. Other recognizable examples are the Beatles singing: "I saw- r -a film today, oh boy" in the song "A Day in the Life", from their 1967 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album, at the Sanctus in the Catholic Mass: "Hosanna-r-in the highest" and in the phrases, "Law-r-and order" band "Victoria-r-and Albert Museum".

Just like linking R, intrusive R may also occur between a root morpheme and certain suffixes, such as draw(r)ing, withdraw(r)al or Kafka(r)esque.

In linguistics, assimilation is a common phonological process by which one sound becomes more like a nearby sound. This can occur either within a word or between words. In rapid speech, for example, "handbag" is often pronounced [hambag]. As in this example, sound segments typically assimilate to a following sound (this is called regressive or anticipatory assimilation), but they may also assimilate to a preceding one (progressive assimilation). While assimilation most commonly occurs between immediately adjacent sounds, it may occur between sounds separated by others ("assimilation at a distance"). For example, in English, the place of articulation of nasals assimilates to that of a following stop (bank is pronounced [bæŋk]).

Dissimilation is a phenomenon whereby similar consonant or vowel sounds in a word become less similar. For example, when one /r/ sound occurs before another in the middle of a word in rhotic dialects of English, the first tends to drop out, as in "beserk" for berserk, "supprise" for surprise, "paticular" for particular, and "govenor" for governor – this does not affect the pronunciation of government, which has only one /r/, but English government tends to be pronounced "goverment", dropping out the first n, colonel is standardly pronounced "cornel", "deteriate" for deteriorate, "tempature" for temperature, and "apeture" for aperture, a process called haplology. When the /r/ is found as /bru/, it may change to /j/: "Febyuary" for February, "defibyulator" for defibrillator, though this may be due to analogy with words such as January.

· Memorize the main notions from the theoretic part

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