CONTENTS 4 страница

MORPHOGRAPH /'mafsgraf/ — separate graphemic unit which is a graphemic reflex of a morpheme.

MORPHOPHONOLOGY /.nrafufs'nulafei/ — this branch of phonology studies the distribution of morphologically correlated sounds in order to es­tablish their phonemic status.

t MOUTH /mau6/ — the cavity in the head containing the teeth, the tongue and the palate with the uvula.

* MOUTH CAVITY /'mau8 'kseviti/— the cavity between the teeth and
the pharynx,,

MOUTHPIECE /'mauOpiis/ — the part of the kymograph which is applied
to the mouth. •,

MOVABLE ORGANS OF SPEECH /'nravabl 'tcgenz av 'spfctf/— the or­gans of speech that move during articulation: the lips, the lower jaw, the tongue, the soft palate with the uvula, the back wall of the pharynx.

MURMUR /'ma:ma/ — soft speech, sometimes indistinct.

MURMURED VOWELS /'m₈:mad 'vaualz/ — obscure vowels.

MUTATION /mju:'teijan/ — umlaut.

MUTE LETTERS /'mjwt 'letez/ — letters, or letter combinations which are not pronounced, but remain in words due to traditional spelling rules.

MUTUAL ASSIMILATION /'mjtttfual s^imi'leijen/ — bilateral assimi­lation, when two assimilating sounds equally influence each other. For example, bilateral assimilation of /s/ + /J/ results in /J/: issue /'isju — '1Ш — 'iW.

MUTUALLY DISTINCTIVE SOUNDS /'mJtrtjiiBli dis'tinktiv 'saundz/ -the sounds that belong to different phonemes and are realizations, variants or allophones of different phonemes, e.g. /b, p/ in park — bark, r i

MYOKINETIC ANALYSIS /'maie(u)kai'nefik e'nehsis/—'a complex of. different analyses that are carried out to study muscular — kinetic work of speech organs,

N

NARROW /'naersu/ — the variety of high, mid, and low positions of the bulk of the tongue when it moves in the vertical direction. See HIGH-NARROW, MID-NARROW, LOW-NARROW.

NARROW PASSAGE /'гш-au 'pjesKb/ — the term is conventional and
characterizes the state of the passage for the flow of air in the articulation of
vowels or consonants. For example, the air passage is narrow in 1Ы articulation
and it is also narrow in /s/ articulation. _.„,

NARROW RANGE /'пазгэи 'reindg/ (see WIDE RANGE, MEDIUM
RANGE) — if the range of the voice pitch is represented by two horizontal
parallel lines 10 mm wide, then the head syllable of the) wide range utterance
will be arbitrarily represented by a dash 2 mm from the top range line. The
head syllable of the narrow range will be repreaenied by a dash 2 mm frcm
the bottom range line. The head syllable of medium range will be represented
by a dash 6 mm from the bottom range line.,

NARROW TRANSCRIPTION /'шегеи,tr sens'Imp jW — the system of transcription signs into which additional symbols are included which corres­pond to allophones of seme phonemes.

NARROWING /'nserauin/ — a passage of small width or length. Narrow-ings can be formed by the lips, or the tongue and the palate (its front, mid or back part).

NARROWING THE RANGE /'nasreuin 8в 'renufe/ — characterizes em­phatic speech which is uttered within the limits of narrow range.

NASAL CAVITY /'neizl 'ksaviti/ — immovable cavity inside the nose and the nasopharynx; it is separated from the mouth cavity by the upper jaw with the teethridge and the palate,

NASAL SONANTS /'neizl 'saunents/ — they are articulated with the blocked passage for the flow of air through the mouth cavity. This is effected by lowering the soft palate. Nasal sonants are Im, a, rj/,

NASAL PHARYNX /'neizl 'faenrjks/ (nasopharynx) — the upper part of the pharynx 4 cm long. It is situated above the soft palate.

NASAL PLOSION /'neizl 'рЬизэпА — plosion formed when the soft pal­ate is separated from the back wall of the nasal pharynx and the air quickly escapes through the nasal cavity; it takes place in the combinations like /tn, dn/.

NASAL TWANG /'ne:zl 'twserj/ is characteristic of American pronuncia­tion and results from the laxness of the soft palate which does not cover the nasal cavity completely and the air escapes partly through the narrowing formed.

NASAL VOWELS /'neizl 'vaualz/ — vowels articulated when the flow of air is directed from the lungs both through the mouth and the nasal cavity. Nasal vowels exist in the French language.

NASALIZATION /,neiatai'zeijan/ — nasal twang.

NEIGHBOURING SOUND /'neibanrj 'saund/ — adjacent sound, that ■which follows.

NEUTRAL POSITION /'njistrsl pa'zijgn/ — the position when the tongue is equally removed from front, back, high, and low positions.

NEUTRAL VOWEL /'njutral 'vaual/ — a mixed vowel of mid-open po­sition, broad variety — /э/.

NEUTRALIZATION /(njictralai'zeij'an/ — the loss of qualitative and tembral characteristics of vowel sounds in unstressed positions.

NEXUS /'neksas/ — articulatory dependence between a vowel and conso­nant. See CLOSE NEXUS, LOOSE NEXUS.

NOISE /noiz/ — characterizes consonants, which are formed when the flow of air passes through a narrowing and produces audible friction. Voiceless con­sonants are "pure" noises, and voiced consonants are a combination of noise and voice, produced by the vocal cords, which are drawn together and vibrate.

NON-DISTINCTIVE SPEECH SOUNDS /'nmdis'tirjktiv 'spttf 'saundz/ — similar sounds which occur in different positions and are incapable of being opposed to each other in minimal pairs, e.g. /k/ in cool, school, looked.

NON-FINAL /'non'faml/ — not terminal, followed by a sound, a word, a group of words.

NUCLEAR TONE /'nju&lia Чэип/ — the tone associated with the nucleus of a sense-group is a nuclear tone. In RP they are the following: the high falling, the low falling, the high rising, the low rising, the rising-falling, the falling-rising, the rising-falling-rising, the level tone.

NUCLEUS OF A DIPHTHONG /'njtckhas 9V э 'dif8ürj/ (pl. NUCLEI /'njakliai/) — that part of the diphthong, which is more prominent. For ex­ample, the nuclei of /ai, ei/ are /a, e/.

NUCLEUS OF A SENSE-GROUP /'njuklias av a 'sens'gricp/ — the last stressed syllable of a sense-group.

OBSOLETE /'ubsalfct/ — not used nowadays.

OBSTRUCTION /ab'strAkJan/ ~ in articulation it is either a narrowing (incomplete obstruction) or a complete closure of the speech organs (complete obstruction).

OCCLUSION /э'к1шзэп/ — a complete obstruction made by the speech organs, as in /p, t, k/.

OCCLUSIVE /o'klissiv/ — the sounds pronounced when the air on its way out breaks up a complete obstruction. Occluslve consonants are 1. /p, b, t, d, k, g/ — stop or plosives and 2. sonorants /m, n, n/ — nasals (see PLOSIVE CONSONANTS).

OCCURRENCE /s'kArans/ — frequency with which sounds, phonemes, or words are used,

OFF-GLIDE /'o:f,glaid/ — a short and not definite vowel, which is heard after terminal consonants (according to H. Sweet). Some authors consider that it is a neutral vowel, which is heard between sounds. For example: -ism /iz(9)m/.

ONSET /'unset/ — the first stage of a sound articulation (initial phase, excursion, first stage).

OPEN /'oupsn/ — characterized by the low position of the bulk of the tonöus OPEN SYLLABLE /'aupsn 'silebl/ — the type of syllable which ends I» a vowel — CV-type.,,., OPEN VOWELS /'эирэп 'vauslz/ — the group of vowels which are pro­nounced with the open, or low position of the bulk of the tongue. Open or low vowels in English are: /аэ, л, -d, a(i, и), ш, vj. OPPOSITION /,-Dp3'zi.fsn/ — comparison of sounds, words or morphemes- along the lines of their qualitative and quantitative characteristics which re­ sults in singling out their minimal distinctive features, that are phonologically relevant or irrelevant. For example, the opposition between /kab — кар/ is- based on voiced — lenis voiceless — fortis distinctions in /b — p/ which is- their minimal distinctive relevant feature (other features, which characterize these sounds are irrelevant).,,.,,. ORAL METHODS /'о:гэ! 'me0adz/ — different methods of teaching a foreign language, which are carried out for retention of oral speech habits. ORAL SOUNDS /'o=ral 'saundz/ — the sounds which are produced with the raised soft palate, thus the air goes out of the mouth cavity. ORATORICAL STYLE /дгэЧюпкэ1 'stall/ — the type of speech with which orators address large audiences. It is characterized by slow rate, eloquent and moving traits,,.,,,..... ORGANS OF SPEECH /'o:ganz av 'spttj/ — the organs that together witft biological functions, such as breathing, feeding, smelling and tasting, serve to-carry out intercommunication through the elaborate work of the four mechanisms:, the power, the vibrator, the resonator and the obstructor. ORTHOEPHY /oi'Geuipi/ — the correct pronunciation of the words of a language. The interpretation of the rules of reading cannot be done without з good command of phonetics. This fact makes grammar and lexicology dependent °ⁿ Orthographic syllable /^ee'gneftk 'siiebi/ - a unit into which d diidd i iti it h d t ls

Orthographic syllable /^ee'gneftk 'siiebi/ - a unit into which

words are divided in writing or print, e.g. rang-ing, al-ien. They do not always coincide with phonetic syllables.

ORTHOGRAPHY /»'Bugrefi/ — the system of spelling rules,

OSCILLOGRAM /s'silsgram/ — a record made by an oscillograph or by
an oscilloscope.,,,. „.,«

OSCILLOGRAPH /o'silsgrasf/ — an instrument which makes it possible
to record speech in the form of graphs.,,.

OVERLAP /.suve'Isep/ - the term is connected with the phases of articu­
lation which partly coincide in the neighbouring sounds. The result of sucti
overlapping is partial or complete assimilation.... * i

OVERTONE /'suvstsun/ — one of the tones above the fundamental tone in a harmonic series. They are produced when only parts of the vi огашг mechanism oscillate.

P

PALATALIZATION /,pajletdai'zeijW — softening of consonants, which
results from the secondary place of articulation — front-secondary ipcus. 11
takes place when the middle part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate ana
the air passage is narrowed or constricted, which gives the consonant sou colour­
ing. All consonants, with the exception of medio-lingual, can be affected Dy
palatalization when they are followed by /I-, i, e or]/. Palatalization is phonemic
in the Russian language (compare: пыл — пыль). In the English language P^alal
talization is non-phonemic, and when it takes place in the articulation ot
sounds other than /1, J¹, 3, tf, cfc/ under the influence of the Russian language it
is a mistake..,...

PALATAL SOUND /'psektl 'saund/ — the sound that is connected with
the palate articulatorily..,

PALATE /'pasbt/ - the roof of the mouth, separating the mouth cavity from the nasal cavity. In articulatory phonetics it is divided into the Hard pai-ate, the soft palate with the uvula and the teethridge,

259»

PALATE ARTIFICIAL /'ра;Ы.ati'fij¹«!/ is made of metal or vulcanite for each experiments tor individually and corresponds exactly to the shape of bis palate. The underside of the artificial palate is sprinkled with some tine white powder and then carefully fitted into the mouth, after this a sound is articulated. During this process some-of the powder is licked off ai the points of the tongue — palate contacts. After this the artificial palate is removed and carefully examind.

PALATO-ALVEOLAR CONSONANTS /'pal stsu'al vials 'kionsanants/— the consonants articulated by the tip of the tongue raised against the teethridge (there is a narrowing between them) and the middle part of the tongue which is -simultaneously raised to the hard palate, Palato-alveolar consonants are / J, 3/-

PALATOORAMS ЛраеШэцдгаатг/ — the drawings of the tongue — pal­ate contacts.

PARENTHESIS /pa'ren9asrs/ — a word,.phrase or sentence usually hav­ing its own complete meaning, inserted into a sentence which is grammati­cally complete without this insertion, and marked off from it by punctuation. For example: "I shall not go there," he replied. "I ask you," she demanded, "to go there immediately." In speech it is expressed by lowering the pitch of the voice.

PARENTHETIC /,раггэп'8еШ — constituting a parenthesis, containing a parenthesis.

PARTIAL TONES /'ра\Гэ1 'taunz/ — partial waves which result from the vibrations of the parts of the vibrating body are perceived as partial tones, or overtones, or harmonics.

PARTIAL WAVES /'parjal 'weivz/ — waves produced by the vibrations of the parts of the physical body. Most sound waves are complex: they consist of the fundamental and partial waves. The sound waves produced by the vibra­tion of the whole body are called fundamental.

0 PASSAGE FOR THE AIR STREAM /'p»sid3 f? 81 'ее 'strbm/ — the way through which the ■flow of air goes out of the mouth or nasal cavity.

PASSIVE ORGANS OF SPEECH /'psesiv 'wganz av 'spfctf/ — the organs that are either constantly immovable, such as the hard palate and the upper teeth, or such that are fixed but can be movable, for example, the back part of the tongue in the articulation of /r/ is fixed and in /k, g/ it is active and moving to the soft palate, with which it forms a complete obstruction.

PAUSE /pas/ — a short period of time when sound stops before starting again. Pauses are non-obligatory between sense-groups and obligatory between sentences.

PEAKS OF PROMINENCE /'pfcks av 'prpmmans/ — the points oJ maximal acoustic activity of tone.

PECULIARITY /pi,kj№li'ffinti/ — a feature which characterizes some pho­netic phenomenon.

PENULTIMATE /pi'iultrmit/ - the last but one syllable.

PERCEPTIBILITY /p9,sepU'bihti/ — in phonetics it is usually connect­ed with hearing.

PERIODICITY /,ptana'disitr/ — the quality or fact of recurring at con­stant intervals.

PHARYNGAL(-GEAL) /fa'nnggl, ^азпп'ОзЫ/ — connected with the pharynx.

PHARYNGOSCOPE /f a'rrngasksup/—the apparatus which is used for the observation of the pharyngaf cavity,

PHARYNX /'fzennks/ —.the cavity between the mouth and the oesoph­agus communicating with the nasal passages and ears.

PHASES OF ARTICULATION /'feiziz av as,tikju'leijen/ - three phases in the articulation of a single sound: initial, medial (or central), and final, Theyfmay be called differently: excursion, stop stage and recursion.

PHONATE /f3{u)'neit/ — to pronounce outloud with the vocal cords vibrating and producing voice.

PHONEMATIC /,faunl:'mastik/ —< possessing functional properties.

PHONEME /'fatinlim/ — the shortest functional unit of a language. Each

phoneme exists in speech in the form of mutually non-distinctive speech sounds, its allophones. Each speech sound is an allophone oJ some phoneme.

PHONEMIC COMPONENT /fsu'niimik kam'paunant/ — this component of the phonetic structure manifests itselS in the system of separate phonemes and their allophones.

PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION /fau'nfcmik trsens'kripJan/ — this type of transcription is based on the principle "one symbol per phoneme". A phoneme is reflected in this transcription as an abstraction and generalization. The sym­bols of a phonemic transcription are placed within two slanting lines / /.

PHONETIC PRINCIPLE OF ORTHOGRAPHY /feu'netik 'prmsapl av 3!'9Dgrafi/ is a one-to-one correspondence: one grapheme corresponds to one phoneme, or sequence of phonemes. This principle is realized in phonemic tran­scription.

PHONETIC SUBSYSTEM /feu'netik sab'sistim/ — the speech sounds which occur in interjections and borrowed words, e.g. nasalized vowels pro­nounced in some words borrowed from French,

PHONETIC SYSTEM /fau'netik 'sistim/— a systemic combination of iive components of the language, i.e. the system oi segmental phonemes, the phonemic component, the syllabic component, the accentual component, in­tonation.

PHONETICS /fsu'netiks/ — the science that studies the sound matter of the language, its semantic functions and the lines of development.

PHONIC /'faunik/ — acoustic, connected with voice or sounds.

PHONOGRAPH /'faunsgrarf/ — а machine invented by Edison for record­ing and reproducing sounds (1877).

PHONOLOGICAL MISTAKES 7,fauna'Iud3ik{9)l mis'teiks/— mistakes connected with the alteration of the meaning of words, which prevent communi­cation. For example, mispronunciation of /9/ may lead to the confusion of thought — fought, think — sink, mouth — mouse, etc.

PHONOLOGICAL OPPOSITION /»feuns'lodgikal,ирэ'гфэп/ - a pair of words in which any one phoneme is usually opposed to'any other phoneme in at least one lexical or grammatical minimal or subminimal pair, e.g. /t — d/, /k — g/ in ten — den, coat — goat.

PHONOLOGY /fö'nolad3i/ — the science that deals with phonemes and their sequences. It is functional phonetics since it investigates the functional side of phonemes, accent, syllable, and intonation.

PITCH /pitf/ — the degree of highness or lowness varying with the number of vibrations of a note. V. A. Vassilyev defines it as "perception of the frequency of repeated¹ pressures on the ear-drum".

PLACE OF ARTICULATION /'plets av a,tikju'teijW — the place, wiiHie a complete or incomplete obstruction is formed in the articulation oi consonants,

PLOSION /'р1эизэп/ — an abrupt separation of speech organs at the place of articulation.

PLOSIVE CONSONANTS /'plausiv 'konsanants/ - the consonants that are articulated by forming a complete obstruction which bars the flow oi air sent from the lungs through the mouth or nasal cavity. The organs of speecti that form the obstruction produce a kind of explosion on their abrupt separation. Plosive consonants are /p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, n/. See PURE PLOSIVES.

POINT OF ARTICULATION /'point av cujtrikju'leifan/— this term te used by Ameriean^linguists instead of the term "fixed or passive speech organs.

POSITIONAL ALLOPHONES /pa'zifanl 'telafaunz/ — variants of a pho­neme which are used in definite positions due to the tradition of a language pronunciation, e.g. dark and light /I/.

POST-ALVEOLAR CONSONANTS /'paust ' sei v] als 'konsanantsl' - con­sonants that are articulated by the tip of the tongue which moves behind tne back slope of the teethridge, as, for example /t/ — /d/ in the words tree — ary.

POST-CONSONANTAL SOUND/poust_#kt»nee'nenU 'saund/ - the sound which follows a consonant.

POST-POSITION /'paustpa'zi/an/ — the position of some phonetic ele­ment after a word; when unstressed, this element may be termed enclitic after a stressed word.

POST-TONIC STRESS /'psust'timik 'stres/ — tertiary stress is defined as post-tonic, e.g. /kan'grsetjuleit/.

PRACTICAL PHONETICS /'ргакикэ! fau'netiks/ — teaching to pro­nounce sounds correctly.

PRE-DORSAL CONSONANTS /'prfc'dosl 'ktmssnants/ — this term is connected with the term "dorsum". Pre-dorsal consonants are articulated by the blade and the tip of the tongue, e.g. Is, z/.

PRE-TON 1С STRESS /'prfc'txmik 'stres/ — secondary stress is defind as pre-tonic; /,83tu'meiten/.

PRE-VOCAL /'pri'vauksl/— a consonant that stands before a vowel.

PRIMARY PHONEMES /'praiman 'fauntmz/ — the term is used by those scientists who consider phonemes proper "primary" distinctive «nits and open transition /+/, stresses /' "» "/, pitches /1234/, clause terminals /-* / \/ are viewed by them as "secondary" distinctive units.

PRIMARY STRESS /'praiman 'stres/ — the stress which is the strongest compared with the other stresses used in a word.

PRINCIPAL ALLOPHONE /(typical) /'pnnsipal 'aslaufeun/ — that variant of a phoneme which is considered to be free from the influence of the-neighbouring sounds.

PROCLITIC /pra(u)'khtik/ — a monosyllabic word or particle with no> accent of its own, which is pronounced with the following pre-tonic or accented syllable as one phonetic unit. For example, articles before nouns, the particle to before verbs in the infinitive, or cases like forgive lis'aiv/, begin /bi'gin/.

PROGRESSIVE ASSIMILATION /pra'gresiv s,sim/leij9n/ — the pro­cess when the iirst of the two neighbouring sounds influences the second and makes it similar to itself. For example, the pronunciation of the suffix -ей о£ regular verbs is based on progressive voicing and devoicing: it is pronounced /t/after voiceless consonants (except /t/, /d/), after vowels and voiced conso­nants (except /d/), /id/ after /t/, /d/: dropped /drupt/, remained /n'memd/, ex­tended /iks'tendio/.

PROMINENCE/'prummans/ — singling out acoustically, which produces, the effect of greater loudness.

PRONOUNCE /pra'nauns/ — to articulate.

PROSODIC FEATURES OF THE SENTENCE /pra'stidiJc 'fiitfsz sv Ö» 'sentans/ — they are: speech melody, the pitch (fundamental frequency), ac­cent, tempo, rhythm and pausation, tamber; they constitute intonation in the broad sense — prosodation or prosodization.

PROTRUDE /pra'imd/ — to move forward. In phonetics this term is-connected with the protrusion of the lips.

PUFF /pAf/ — a short light gust of air blown out of the mouth cavity.

PULSATION /pAl'seiJan/ — regularly recurring beats. In speech they are connected with acoustic prominence.

PURE PLOSIVES /'pjU9 'ptsusivz/ — voiced and voiceless occlusive con­sonants pronounced with distinct and quick separation of the obstruction; they are: /p, b, t, d, k, o/. Lax separation of the articulating organs results-in affricated plosion which characterizes indistinct colloquial speech and dia­lects.

PURELY DISTRIBUTIONAL METHOD /'pjueh _#distri'bjisjenl 'meGsd^ is based on the fact that it is possible to establish the phonemic status of any-sound of a given language without knowing the meaning of words, on the know­ledge of the distribution of the sounds.

QUALITATIVE /'kwnhietiv/ — connected with the tamber of the sound,, that is with its spectral characteristics.

QUANTITATIVE /'kwuntitetiv/ - referring to the length of the sound, i.e., its positional and phonemic length.

QUASI-HOMONYMS /'kwcuzi'tiDtnanimz/ — tnis is L. V. Shcherba's term whan hs speaks of ths mambers of a minima! pair, which are almost homo-.tiyras, near-homonyms.

QUESTION /'kwestjW — the communicative type of a sentence in which ■doubt, supposition or want of some information is expressed in the form of a ■question: interrogative, alternative, general, or special.

RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION /n'stvd pra,nAnsi'eijW — the type of pronunciation which is the most widely understood one in England and in ■English-speaking countries. It is the teaching norm in England and in most «countries where English is taught as a foreign language including the Soviet Union.

RECESSIVE STRESS /n'sesiv 'stres/ — stress that falls on the first syl­lable or the root of the word if it is preceded by a prefix that has lost its mean­ing, e.g. 'import, be'fore.

RECESSIVE TENDENCY /n'sesiv 'tendsnsi/ — the tendency which con­sists in gradual shifting of word accent to the first syllable (which is usually the joot of the word).

RECIPROCAL ASSIMILATION /n'sipraksl 8,sitni'leijan/ - bilateral.assimilation, when the neighbouring sounds are equally affected by assimila­tion. For example, in the word twice ill is labialized under the influence of /w/, and /w/ in its turn is de voiced under the influence of It/.

RECITE /ri'sait/ — to repeat outloud something memorized, especially before an audience. In studying a foreign language recitation plays a very im­portant role.

RECORD PLAYER /'reload,pleig/ — an instrument for playing gramo­phone records by means of a pick-up and one or more amplifiers.

REDUCE /n'djuis/ — to make smaller or less. For example, to reduce the intensity of a sound, to reduce the quantity of a sound.

REDUCED FORM /n'djicst 'fo:m/ — a word, which sounds weaker in the ■process of speech. Thus the verb to do can be reduced and pronounced as /du, сэ/ or even /d/. The same can be said about the verb to have /hav, av, v/. Arti­cles, conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns are mostly affected by reduction.

REGRESSIVE ASSIMILATION /n'gresiv a,simi'leijon/ - the process -when the second of the neighbouring sounds influences the first one and makes it similar to itself. For example, in the combination In the /n/ is regressive I y assimilated by /6/ and becomes dental and is pronounced with the tip of the "tongue against the upper teeth (its free variant is pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teethridge).

RESONANT /'reznant/ — the term is used by H. Gleason for vowels and sonorous consonants,

RETENTION /n'ten/эп/ — the ability to preserve the most stable pro­perties in spite of assimilation or reduction.

RETENTIVE TENDENCY /n'tentiv 'tendonsi/ — this tendency is char­
acterized by the retention of accent in the derivative on the same syllable on
■which it falls in the parent word, e.g. 'simitar, as'similate.,

RETRACTED POSITION /n'treektid pa'ztW — the position of the
bulk of the tongue when it is in the front or in the back part of the mouth cavity
but a bit retracted in the horizontal direction, forward — back-advanced, or
backward — front-retracted: /u, i/.,,

RETROFLEXED VOWELS /'retra(u)flekst 'vauaiz/ — the vowels that are articulated by the tip of the tongue curled back behind the back slope of the teethridge irrespective of the articulation of the vowel itself: this results in a special tembral colouring of the retroflexed vowel, e.g. American ftl.

RHYME /raim/ — the repetition of identical or similar terminal sounds, sound combinations or words.

RHYTHM /nöra/ — "rhythm is a flow, movement, procedure, etc., char-acterized by basically regular recurrence of elements or features, as beat, or accent, in alternation with op posite or different elements or features" (Webster s New World Dictionary). Rhythm in speech is the periodic recurrence of stressed

syllables. Rhythm exists both in prose and in \erse. It can be regarded as one of the forms in which a language exists.

RHYTHMIC STRESS /'nömik 'stres/ — the term refers to the cases when there are equal number of unstressed syllables between two beats. For example, 'telt them to 'go there at 'once.

RHYTHMIC TENDENCY /'riÖmik 'tendensi/ — the tendency to alter­nate stressed and unstressed syllables. This tendency gave rise to the origin of the secondary stress, especially in four-syllable words of foreign origin. For example, explanation /.ekspla'neijW, conversation /,I«mva'sei,fsn/.

ROLLED CONSONANTS /'rauld 'kimsansnts/ — such consonants are pronounced when the tip of the tongue (or the uvula) vibrates in the How of air and interrupts it repeatedly, so that the flow of air is momentarily obstructed by the vibrating organ (or organs). The Russian sonant /p/ is a rolled consonant,

ROMAN ALPHABET freumen 'aelfebit/— Latin alphabet.

ROMIC /'rgumik/ — the term is used in connection with the use of Latin letters, for symbols of phonetic transcription.

R ONT G E NO GRAM /rant' gen sgraem/ — a photograph made with the help of X-rays. Rontgenograms help to observe directly the ^ork of speech organs in the process of speech.

» ROOF OF THE MOUTH /'ru-f ev 6э 'mau0/^ for purposes of consonant analysis and description it is conventionally divided into: 1. the gums; 2. the teethridge; 3. the back slope of the alveolar ridge; 4. the soft palate (velum) 5. the uvula,

• RULES OF READING /'mlz ev 'rfcdirj/ — the system of rules dealing with the correspondencies between the reading matter of the language and its pro» nunciation.

SAGITTAL /'saufcitl/ — the sagittal division of the articulatory apparatus into right and left halves makes it possible to represent the position of speech-organs in the production of sounds.

SANDHI /'saaidhli/ — the term is connected with different modifications of the sound, caused by assimilation.

SCALE /skeil/ — the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables о a syntactic whole.

SCALE OF SONORITY /'skeil av ss'nvntif — the arrangement of pho­nemes according to their degree of loudness. According to this scale the most so­norous are front low vowels, then go sonants and voiced consonants. Voiceless-consonants are characterized byl minimal sonority, y-

SCHWA VOWEL /'Jwcu 'vauel/ — the neutral vowel Ы.

SECONDARY ACCENT /'seksndgri 'aekssnt/ — this type of accent ap­pears in words of five or more syllables. It falls on the'second pretonic syllable, e.g. ,hospi'tality,

SEGMENT /'segment/ — in phonetics it is the shortest part of speech continuum — a sound or a phoneme.

SEGMENTAL PHONEME /seg'mentl 'fsimian/ — the shortest part of speech continuum that is capablejof differentiating words.

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