II. Grammar Practice Section. 1. Read the following text and give its Russian interpretation

1. Read the following text and give its Russian interpretation. Pay attention to the translation of the sentences in the Passive Voice.

Solar-powered Cars

One of the ways we can reduce the amount of pollution from traffic seems to power our vehicles using renewable resources. To demonstrate this, the World Solar Challenge Car Race from Darwin to Adelaide annually involves dozens of cars that are powered only by the energy of the Sun. The cars are reported to use photovoltaic (PV) cells to convert sunlight into electricity. A single PV cell produces only a small amount of electrical power (approximately 0,5 volts). To increase the power, lots of PV cells are connected together to make a ‘solar panel’. Panels can be linked to form a large solar array that is certain to produce enough electricity to power a car.

When the World Solar Challenge teams design their electrical systems, they have to take into account variations in the intensity of sunlight. The Sun’s energy is supposed to power the car’s motor and also charge a battery for use at night or at times when the Sun is hidden by a cloud. If a car is designed to put all its energy toward driving and keeps nothing in reserve, it is sure to stop completely in cloudy weather. If too much energy is diverted to the battery, the engine will run too slowly.

Engineers will still have many questions and problems to tackle before solar power becomes an efficient and economical way to fuel vehicles. Today’s solar-powered cars are rather expensive but as the pressure on fossil-fuel resources is certain to increase scientists will continue to search for alternative energy sources, including harnessing the Sun’s energy to drive vehicles. The most fascinating part of using solar power as an energy source is that it is considered to be pollution-free and inexhaustible. If research continues, stopping for petrol is likely to become a thing of the past by the nearest future will have become.

2. Fill in the table below, by writing in all the verbs used in the first passage of the text.

Active form	Passive form

3. Tick the sentences in the Passive form.

1.	May 7, 1895 has entered the history of science as the date of the invention of radio.
2.	In 1938 the first TV station came into being in Moscow, but the war stopped the development of television.
3.	The international exchange programmes will be developed still further in future.
4.	Some powerful radio stations have recently been built in the northern regions.
5.	Much attention is being paid to the development of three-dimensional television.

4. Use the Past Simple Active or the Past Simple Passive instead of the infinitives in brackets.

1.	They (to go) into the storeroom where some of the goods (to keep).
2.	An experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of laser-welded joints (to carry out).
3.	To determine the hardness profile of the welded metal three similar joints (to produce).
4.	Microhardness measurements (to conduct) at three locations.
5.	Since the first cars (to appear) on the roads, the air has been contaminated.
6.	Last year dozens of cars that (to power) by the energy of the Sun (to involve) in car racing.
7.	Engineers (to have) many questions and problems to tackle in their attempts to create the first solar-powered cars.

5. Explain the use of the auxiliary verbs in the following sentences and translate the sentences into Russian.

1.	Large sums are now being spent on construction of solar-powered cars.
2.	This system was to secure air movement.
3.	The general effect of heating by warming the air is to lower the relative humidity which varies with the temperature.
4.	For a long time people were so proud of their heating system that they did mind looking at the radiators, but now the central heating is commonplace.
5.	This convector does not need to be built into the wall and consequently is less expensive to be installed.
6.	The sun’s radiant energy, including rays of visible light shines through three layers of clear glass and is changed to long-wave heat energy when absorbed by the black plate.
7.	These units should be furnished with special 3-speed fan switches.
8.	Stopping for petrol will have become a thing of the past in the nearest future.
9.	Cars can be powered by the energy of the Sun.
10.	Scientists will continue to search for alternative energy sources.

6. Choose the best answer (a, b or c) to complete each sentence below.

1.	The actual amount of moisture in air at any time __________ called its humidity.
		a)	is
		b)	are
		c)	was
2.	Aluminium __________ increasingly in static structures.
		a)	used
		b)	had been used
		c)	is being used
3.	The boiling water __________ into steam and the pressure of the steam __________ the steam engine.
		a)	changes; drives
		b)	is changed; is driven
		c)	changes; is driven
4.	The energy of the Sun __________ a much wider application at present.
		a)	was being found
		b)	is finding
		c)	finds
5.	By the end of next year the design of a new solar-powered car _________.
		a)	will complete
		b)	will have been completed
		c)	is completed
6.	The builders __________ a ten-storey house by the end of the year.
		a)	will have been constructed
		b)	have constructed
		c)	will have constructed
7.	After the engineer __________ all the necessary calculations he __________ to work at his new project.
		a)	made; began
		b)	made; had begun
		c)	had made; began
8.	The fast development of industry in our country __________ the problem of water supply very acute.
		a)	has made
		b)	made
		c)	is made
9.	Recently gas __________ in importance for heating.
		a)	grew
		b)	has grown
		c)	is growing
10.	The building which __________ of brick had a poor heat conductivity.
		a)	had been made
		b)	has been made
		c)	was being made

7a. Find the correct translation of the underlined structures. Choose a, b or c for each item.

1.	The house of timber is destroyed by the fire very quickly.
		a)	уничтожили
		b)	уничтожается
		c)	был уничтожен
2.	This method of construction had been used by the end of the 20^th century.
		a)	используется
		b)	был использован
		c)	использует
3.	If research continues, stopping for petrol is likely to become a thing of the past.
		a)	продолжили
		b)	продолжается
		c)	продолжится
4.	Scientists have to take into account variations in the intensity of sunlight.
		a)	должны были принять во внимание
		b)	принимают во внимание
		c)	должны принять во внимание
5.	Solar energy can be collected in different ways.
		a)	может быть накоплена
		b)	была накоплена
		c)	могла быть накоплена
6.	The Sun’s energy charges a battery for use when the Sun is hidden by a cloud.
		a)	закрыто
		b)	было закрыто
		c)	закрывается
7.	There will certainly be some unintended consequences as robots begin to play a regular role in our day-to-day lives.
		a)	были бы
		b)	будут
		c)	могли бы быть

7b. Find the proper translation of the predicate in the following sentences.

1.	The machine tool measures its production itself.
2.	The machine tool will measure its production itself.
3.	The part is measured with great accuracy.
		a)	измерила
		b)	измеряет
		c)	измеряется
		d)	будет измерять
4.	The builders are planning the road …
5.	The building of the road is being planned …
6.	The building of the road was being planned …
		a)	планируется
		b)	планируют
		c)	планировали
		d)	спланировали
7.	The tests have been carried out well.
8.	The tests were being carried out well.
9.	The tests are being carried out well.
		a)	выполняются
		b)	выполнялись
		c)	были выполнены
		d)	будут выполнены
10.	The flood defence system is being built near St. Peterburg.
11.	The hydroengineering project is to be built in some years.
12.	The main task of the workers is to build it in time.
13.	Constructors are also building the 150 km ring road around St. Petersburg.
		a)	строят
		b)	должны построить
		c)	строится
		d)	состоит в том, чтобы построить
		e)	строили
14.	The engineers have to work out different flexible lines.
15.	Some new flexible lines have been worked out at our plant lately.
16.	The designers had to work out a special flexible line for their shop.
17.	Our specialists have worked out a new experimental flexible line.
		a)	разработали
		b)	должны были разработать
		c)	были разработаны
		d)	должны разработать

8. Determine the tense and voice of the predicate in the following sentences and make these sentences negative and interrogative.

A
1.	Since the first cars appeared on the roads, the air has been contaminated.
2.	Panels can be linked to form a large solar array.
3.	Scientists have to take into account variations in the intensity of sunlight.
4.	If too much energy is diverted to the battery, the engine will run too slowly.
5.	If research continues, stopping for petrol will have become a thing of the post in the nearest future.
B
1.	Air will be delivered into the room by a fan through a system of ducts.
2.	The new machines will be air-conditioned.
3.	The rate of corrosion in the system was greatly influenced by temperature changes.
4.	The new design of a car was being studied by the engineer the whole day yesterday.
5.	The sun is being used widely in direct solar energy heating equipment.
6.	The liquid fuel was gradually being injected into the cylinder for half an hour.

9. Transform the following active constructions into passive ones.

1.	When the World Solar Challenge team design their electrical systems, they have to take into account variations in the intensity of sunlight.
2.	Scientists use solar furnaces for their experiments.
3.	The state pays great attention to the problem of discovering pollution-free energy sources.
4.	The provision of floor heating will influence the design of a floor in several ways.
5.	We met the chief engineer on the construction site.
6.	Electric motors drove the fans of the building.
7.	The designer did not object to the original scheme.
8.	The engineer will give the workers detailed instructions.
9.	The worker was repairing the engine for some days.
10.	The specialists have been discussing the type of the system control for some hours.

10. Read the following sentences attentively. Some of them have mistakes. Correct them if there are any.

1.	Engineers are showing increased interest in designing new solar-powered cars.
2.	Man was sheltered in caves during very cold weather, clothing himself with the skins of animals, preventing his body from losing too much heat.
3.	Adding heat do not make the molecules any larger, it makes the average distance between them greater.
4.	Hot water in these regions are supplied by solar thermal heating systems.
5.	Solar power has considered to be pollution-free and inexhaustible.
6.	If too much energy diverts to the battery, the engine runs too slowly.
7.	Annually dozens of cars that are powered only by the energy of the Sun are involved in races.

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