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II. Grammar Practice Section. I. Topical Vocabulary




I. Topical Vocabulary

Industrial Gases

1. To build up your active vocabulary read the following words and try to memorize them.

odour ['əudə] n запах
flammable ['flæməbl] adj огнеопасный, легковоспламеняющийся
nitrogen ['naıtrədʒən] n азот
volume ['vɔlju:m] n объём, масса
steel [stı:l] n сталь
abundant [ə'bΛndənt] a обильный, изобилующий
oxygen ['ɔksıdʒən] n кислород
oil [ɔıl] n масло, нефть
due to [dju:] prep. благодаря
dioxide [daı'ɔksaıd] n двуокись
ray [reı] n луч
arc [á:k] n дуга
foam ['fəum] n пена
to deplete [di'pl:t] v истощать, исчерпывать
layer ['leıə] n слой, пласт
refrigerant [rı'frıdʒərənt] n охлаждающее вещество, охладитель
compound ['kɔmpaund] n смесь, состав, соединение
solvent ['sɔlvənt] n растворитель
combustible [kəm'bΛstəbl] adj горючий, воспламеняемый

 

2. Match the word combinations in column A with their translation in column B.

A   B  
1. industrial gas a) озоновый слой
2. colourless nitrogen b) защитная оболочка
3. abundant element c) воспламеняемые газы
4. carbon dioxide d) химическое соединение
5. ozone layer e) промышленный газ
6. chemical compound f) изобилующий элемент
7. combustible gases g) бесцветный азот
8. protective envelope h) диоксид углерода

 

1. Read the following text and give its Russian interpretation. Pay attention to the sentences containing pronouns it, that, one.

 

Industrial Gases

 

We know of many gases people use in industry for making various products. They are called industrial gases. Some of them are man-made, the other ones are found in their natural state. Let us consider the most important ones.

Colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic, and non-flammable, nitrogen has many uses, including glass making, food conserving, preventing semiconductors from oxidation.

Oxygen is the second largest volume industrial gas we use for producing steel, building bridges and making electric equipment.

Being the most abundant element (98%) in the universe hydrogen has almost as many industrial uses as nitrogen and oxygen. It is needed in metal one, in oil processing and in food industry for preparing margarine industry. Also, power stations depend on hydrogen cooling their high-speed turbine generators.

Can you imagine your life without eating ice-cream, spaying deodorants, drinking sodas, and fire fighting devices? All these things are possible due to carbon dioxide.

Some people say balloon flying is for children. Still, helium is a serious gas capable of rays detecting and aircraft lifting. It is also used in arc welding.

It is impossible to imagine present-day life without air conditioning, refrigerators, spraying aerosols, and packaging foam for the TV or VCR. For these purposes we also use gases. Freon is that one which is necessary for making these common things, is found depleting the ozone layer, which protects us from the destructive solar ultraviolet radiation. That is why scientists all over the world insist on fluorocarbon refrigerants being banned.

Another gas which is a noble one comprises 0,98% of the atmosphere and forms no-known chemical compounds. It is argon, colourless, odourless, tasteless and non-toxic, argon is mainly used in those industries which are connected with producing high-quality welding. Stainless steel and aluminium industries are ones that can serve as example.

Chlorine gas is very toxic; nevertheless it protects us from falling ill by purifying drinking and swimming water. It also takes part in making many chemicals, including solvents, plastics, rubbers and pesticides.

Water-based paints and vinyl records are made with the help of acetylene, which has many other applications. Stored in a liquid state it is also used as a fuel producing a large amount of heat and the highest flame temperature (about 6,000ºF, or 3,300ºC) of any known mixture of combustible gases. When burnt with the correct amount of air, acetylene gives a pure white light. For this reason it was once used for illuminating places where electric power was not available.

The air itself is used as an industrial gas. It acts as a protective envelope for metals during the welding process because it does not react chemically with these metals or other elements.

 

2. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the asyndetic connection (бессоюзное соединение).

1. They told us the research had been carried out successfully.
2. He said he was studying the possibilities of laser communication.
3. I was afraid she would damage the microscope objective lens.
4. She was sure she would find the most energy-efficient way of sending signals soon.
5. The observers said they had recorded laser signals from the universe.
6. He told us the object had been badly illuminated during the experiment.
7. We think laser beam welding will have a great impact on manufacturing in dustry.
8. The energy a body possesses represents its capacity to do work.
9. It is quite evident BAM will draw into economic activity vast new areas rich in natural resources.
10. The programme Russian scientists have worked out for Siberia development includes all aspects of life in this vast region.
11. The TV programme “Vremya” Russian people watch every evening has become one of the main sources of political information in our country.
12. We may say every matter possesses energy.

3. Translate the following sentences. Point out the complex sentences.

1. We know of many gases people use in industry for making various products. We know of many gases used in industry for making various products.
2. Oxygen is the second largest volume: industrial gas we use for producing steel, building bridges and making electric equipment. Oxygen is the second largest volume industrial gas used in producing steel, building bridges and making electric equipment.
3. Some people say balloon flying is for children. Balloon flying is supposed to be interesting for children only.

 

4. Choose which of the four options (a, b, c or d) corresponds to each given sentence.

1. We have the equipment you spoke about.
    a) У нас есть оборудование, о котором Вы говорите.
    b) У нас есть оборудование, о котором Вы говорили.
    c) Мы говорили об оборудовании, которое у нас есть.
    d) Вы говорите об оборудовании, которое есть у Вас.
       
2. The gases we are speaking about were known long ago.
    a) Мы говорили о газах, о которых давно знали.
    b) Мы давно знаем о газах, о которых говорили.
    c) Газы, о которых мы говорили, были давно известны.
    d) Газы, о которых мы говорили, были нам известны давно.
       
3. Let him answer the question the worker asked him.
    a) Пусть он ответит рабочему на заданный вопрос.
    b) Давайте ответим на вопрос, который задаёт рабочий.
    c) Он отвечает на вопрос, который задал ему рабочий.
    d) Пусть он ответит на вопрос, который рабочий задал ему.
       
4. The new method these workers had used helped to increase labour productivity.
    a) Новые методы, которые использовали эти рабочие, помогли увеличить производительность труда.
    b) Новые методы, которые используют эти рабочие, помогают увеличить производительность труда.
    c) Рабочие, которые использовали новый метод, увеличили производительность труда.
    d) Для того, чтобы увеличить производительность труда, использовали новый метод.
       
5. The problem the professor referred to had been solved many years ago.
    a) Проблема, на которую профессор ссылался, была решена много лет назад.
    b) Проблема была решена много лет назад, и на неё ссылался профессор.
    c) Профессор решил эту проблему много лет назад и теперь ссылался на неё.
    d) Профессор ссылался на проблему, которая была решена много лет назад.
       
6. Industrial gases this text reads about are used in many fields of people’s life.
    a) Промышленные газы, о которых говорится в этом тексте, используются в разных сферах жизни людей.
    b) Промышленные газы в этом тексте связаны с различными сферами жизни человека.
    c) Промышленные газы, о которых говорилось в этом тексте, использовались в различных сферах жизни людей.
    d) Различные сферы жизни людей связываются в этом тексте с промышленными газами.
       
7. Эксперименты, которые были проведены этой группой учёных, очень важны для наших исследований.
    a) The experiments this group of scientists has made are very important for our research.
    b) This group of scientists made experiments which are important for our research.
    c) The experiments this group of scientists is making are very important for our research.
    d) The experiments were made by the group of scientists and they are very important for our research.
       
8. Фреон, который люди используют для кондиционирования воздуха, истощает озоновый слой.
    a) Freon is used in air conditioning depletes the ozone layer.
    b) Freon people use for air conditioning depletes the ozone layer.
    c) The ozone layer is depleted by Freon for air conditioning.
    d) Freon people used for air conditioning depleted the ozone layer.
       
9. Квартиры, в которых живут многие люди, имеют все современные удобства.
    a) Many people live in the flats which have all modern conveniences.
    b) The flats many people live in have all modern conveniences.
    c) The flats have all modern conveniences and many people live in them.
    d) The flats in which many people live have no modern conveniences.
       
10. Мы описали промышленные газы, которые многие химики используют для того, чтобы сделать нашу жизнь более комфортной.
    a) We described the industrial gases many chemists use to bring more comfort to our life.
    b) We describe the industrial gases which are used by many chemists to bring more comfort to our life.
    c) Many industrial gases bring comfort to our life and we described them.
    d) We described those industrial gases which bring comfort to our life.

 

5. Transform the following pairs of sentences into complex ones, by means of the asyndetic connection.

1. We know many industrial gases. Industrial gases are used by people for making various products.
2. Freon depletes the ozone layer. People use Freon for air conditioning.
3. We use the air as an industrial gas for welding processes. Air does not react chemically with metals and other elements.
4. People use acetylene as a fuel producing a large amount of heat. Acetylene helps to make water-based points and vinyl records.
5. Nearly all of us use transport every day. Transport pollutes the atmosphere.
6. We use lasers in the unique three-dimensional imaging properties of holography. Without lasers three-dimensional imaging would not exist.

 

6. Fill in the table below by putting in the numbers of the appropriate sentences, depending on the function of the word one.

Формальное подлежащее в неопределённо-личных предложениях Подлежащее в предложении со сказуемым, в состав которого входит модальный глагол В форме притяжатель-ного падежа Заменитель ранее упомянутого существительного во избежание его повторения Числительное
           

 

1. Water is one of the most widely spread and important substances known to us.
2. One must remember that nitrogen and phosphorus compounds play an important part in biological growth.
3. Absorption means the penetration of one substance into the body of another.
4. Hydrogen is used in oil processing industry, in food industry and in metal one.
5. Another gas, which is a noble one, comprises 0,98% of the atmosphere.
6. One of the mirrors is totally reflective, the other being partially transparent to allow the laser beam to escape.
7. Now we are reconstructing old treatment systems and building new ones.
8. One person needs from two and a half to three liters of water a day.
9. What other methods will they use? The ones they used were not effective.
10. He is one of the most experienced workers.
11. It is easy to lose one’s temper when one is criticized.
12. The idea of automation is one of the most important ideas for modern industry.
13. He knew that no one could help him.
14. Our old laboratory equipment was much worse than the new one.
15. Due to radioactive elements one can measure the thickness of various materials.
16. One should always inspect the machine tool before he turns it on.
17. One cannot read such technical papers without a dictionary.
18. The new power stations are much more powerful than the old ones.
19. One must know that these rays produce a harmful effect on man.
20. One should always be careful when one operates this machine tool.
21. One can easily regulate the speed of this machine.

7. Define different functions of “one”. Translate the sentences.

1. One must know that this emission can occur spontaneously at a comparatively slow rate.
2. There are many applications of laser in industry but the most important one its application in precision measurement.
3. One important limitation of the use of this device in each area is analyzed here.
4. Laser is one of the most important tools known to people.
5. Modern application of robots proposes one major disadvantage.
6. One knows that laser can also serve to prevent cracking when brittle materials are cut.
7. That vapor can be generated in practically any atmosphere is one of the advantages of this technique.

8. State the function of the word it in the given sentences. You are to choose between the four given options.

a) It (личное местоимение) – подлежащее, заменяет ранее упомянутое неодушевлённое существительное.
b) It – формальное подлежащее в безличном предложении.
c) It – дополнение.
d) It (усилительное) в составе эмфатической конструкции.

 

1. It was known long ago that the ancient Egyptians had many dams on the Nile river.
2. It was in the 17th century that the first experiments were made with cast-iron pipes for transporting water.
3. Since chlorine is a powerful oxidizing agent it will react with many organic compounds.
4. It follows that a Combination of treatment processes is often necessary to remove impurities.
5. It is difficult to imagine robots having explored ocean depths autonomously.
6. It is impossible to imagine present-day life without air conditioning, refrigerators, spraying aerosols.
7. Chlorine gas is very toxic; nevertheless it protects us from falling ill.
8. The air acts as a protective envelope for metals during the welding process because it does not react chemically with metals.
9. It will be 50 years or more before pollutants levels reduce to their pre-ozone hole values.
10. When he said that engineers did not synthesize new materials, she opposed it.
11. It was thought that a high-powered laser coupled with a large telescope could send a signal across many light years of space.
12. Oxygen is a sign of life as most plants and animals need it for breathing.
13. It is easy to discuss this question. It is very simple.
14. It was important to solve this problem. It occupied all his thoughts for hours.
15. It is necessary to boil water for our experiment. Then it will be pure.
16. It was not easy to define the properties of this solid. It took much time.
17. It is said that the lecture on physics was very interesting today. The professor illustrated it with many experiments.
18. It will be possible to provide the laboratory with new measuring instruments.
19. It takes Jupiter about 12 years to revolve round the Sun.
20. It will take scientists much time to find effective methods of utilizing solar energy.
21. It took radio signals a little more than 11 minutes to cover the distance from the Earth to Mars and back.

9. Translate the following sentences, paying special attention to the translation of one, that, it.

1. It is possible to form a rather small weld zone that exhibits locally high hardness.
2. Welding is one of the most important operations that are used in industry.
3. One should not leave the electrode too long in the same position.
4. It is important to remember that to weld plates by an electric arc is quite dangerous.
5. This is a static machine since it has no moving parts.
6. If the number of turns in the secondary winding is greater than that in the primary winding it is a step-up transformer.
7. Electrification of storm clouds remains one of the unsolved mysteries of the weather.
8. It is a solar-powered car – it runs on solar energy.
9. This way of welding is more efficient than that one.

10. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the word that and decide whether it is a conjunction or a pronoun in each of the sentences below.

1. In the 19th century it was argued __________ we would never be able to discover what stars are made of.
2. Scientists suppose __________ the fate of the universe depends on the average density of the universe.
3. The pressure ______ forces the current to flow is measured in Volts.
4. The Earth has a tremendous amount of water, the lion’s share of __________ amount is the salt water in the seas and oceans.
5. The treatment processes described above are __________ usually employed in water treatment.
6. Any engineer who has worked long enough in __________ field can give some information.
7. It was clear __________ no person could do __________ work alone.
8. As the thermal cycles of laser beam welding are generally much faster than __________ of arc welding it is possible to form a rather small weld zone __________ exhibits locally high hardness.
9. Man __________ consumes a lot of energy is faced with the energy shortage.
10. The sun provides ten thousand times as much energy as we require today, in many forms ranging from solar radiation through wind and waves to trees and plants. The problem is to convert __________ resources into mechanical work.
11. Experiment is not essential for __________ work.
12. __________ road is the worst I’ve ever traveled over.
13. The engine to be installed in __________ cars is very powerful.
14. ________ methods of construction are supposed to be more effective than __________ ones.

11. Define different functions of “that”. Translate the sentences.

1. Glass-sealed laser tubes have made the storage life of these tubes comparable to that of ordinary tubes.
2. It was pointed out that the intensity of the radiation field increased.
3. Materials that conduct heat quickly are well-suited to laser welding techniques.
4. That lasers are used in two major areas: materials processing and precision measurement is a well-known fact.
5. The conditions described above are those usually desirable for laser welding applications.

12. a) Find in the text ”Industrial gases” the sentences containing the words it, that, one and translate them into Russian; b) State the function of these words in the given sentences.

1. The trouble is that they haven’t calculated the exact speed of the car.
2. This device is an ordinary one.
3. The scientist answered that they were going to find a new way of getting valuable minerals.
4. This advanced method allows one to get good results.
5. The head of the laboratory said that they should take part in the work on the device.
6. They knew that the building had collapsed.
7. The properties of gold are different from those of iron.
8. The problems of water supply in this town are as important as those of lightning.
9. It should be noted that the yield of a solar still is low.
10. Water should be fit for human consumption, i.e. it should be potable, palatable and suitable for different domestic uses.
11. It is chloride that is responsible for salty tasted in water.

 

13. Read the following sentences very carefully. Find the mistakes if there are any and correct them. Pay attention to the words one, that, it.

1. Transportation is the largest source this gives for nearly one-half of all air pollution emissions.
2. Collection of contaminants at the source is ones of the important methods of control.
3. Several years ago some astronomers said that was hardly surprising that no radio signal had been detected yet.
4. The new approach was hoped to be more fruitful than this ones.
5. The idea of connecting these wires was not mine.
6. The report claimed that such projects were perhaps more dangerous than these was thought.
7. In 1903, Ford Motors became the first to mass-produce cars. This made the car available to large numbers of people. It has brought people much closer to places of work, place of study and other one.

 

 




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