КАТЕГОРИИ: Архитектура-(3434)Астрономия-(809)Биология-(7483)Биотехнологии-(1457)Военное дело-(14632)Высокие технологии-(1363)География-(913)Геология-(1438)Государство-(451)Демография-(1065)Дом-(47672)Журналистика и СМИ-(912)Изобретательство-(14524)Иностранные языки-(4268)Информатика-(17799)Искусство-(1338)История-(13644)Компьютеры-(11121)Косметика-(55)Кулинария-(373)Культура-(8427)Лингвистика-(374)Литература-(1642)Маркетинг-(23702)Математика-(16968)Машиностроение-(1700)Медицина-(12668)Менеджмент-(24684)Механика-(15423)Науковедение-(506)Образование-(11852)Охрана труда-(3308)Педагогика-(5571)Полиграфия-(1312)Политика-(7869)Право-(5454)Приборостроение-(1369)Программирование-(2801)Производство-(97182)Промышленность-(8706)Психология-(18388)Религия-(3217)Связь-(10668)Сельское хозяйство-(299)Социология-(6455)Спорт-(42831)Строительство-(4793)Торговля-(5050)Транспорт-(2929)Туризм-(1568)Физика-(3942)Философия-(17015)Финансы-(26596)Химия-(22929)Экология-(12095)Экономика-(9961)Электроника-(8441)Электротехника-(4623)Энергетика-(12629)Юриспруденция-(1492)Ядерная техника-(1748) |
II. Grammar Practice Section. 1. Read the following text and give its Russian interpretation
1. Read the following text and give its Russian interpretation. Bear in mind the different meanings of the words to do, to be, to have. While reading find the sentence, in which to be functions as the modal verb.
Alternative Sources of Energy
It is not a secret that energy consumption has increased immensely in the last decades. But do we have enough fossil fuels to satisfy our needs? Do not we have to look for some alter native sources of energy? As fossil fuels are nonrenewable we are highly interested in developing alternative sources of energy. Solar Power is renewable. It is used for heating houses. Solar cells and furnaces make electricity from sunlight. Solar cells are expensive. Solar power isn’t much use unless you live somewhere sunny. It doesn’t cause pollution and doesn’t need fuel. Wind Power is renewable as well. It doesn’t cause pollution, doesn’t need fuel. However, a lot of generators are to be installed to get a sensible amount of power. It is necessary to put them where winds are reliable. And the noise can drive you nuts. Hydroelectric Power plants are built for getting energy from flowing water. Usually we build a dam, and let the water turn turbines and generators as it goes through pipes in the dam. Renewable. No pollution, we do not need fuel, no waste. Very expensive to build. Building a dam we flood a lot of land. Waves Power. There’s a lot of energy in waves on the sea. However it is not easy to get it. A wave power station needs to be able to stand really rough weather, and yet still be able to generate power from small waves. This source of energy is renewable – the waves will come whether we use them or not. Geothermal Energy means heat from underground hot rocks. Hot water comes up and we use the heat to make steam to drive turbines, or to heat houses. It is renewable – so long as we don’t take out too much, the energy keeps on coming. However, there are not many places you can do it – the rocks must be suitable. Sometimes we have poisonous gases coming up too. “Biomass” means burning wood, dung, sugar cane or similar. It is renewable – we can always plant more trees. We burn the fuel to heat water into steam, which drives turbines, which drive generators. Burning anything we pollute the environment. Nuclear (atomic) power stations use uranium as fuel. It is nonrenewable. Heat from the reactor turns water into steam, which drives turbines, which drive generators. It doesn’t cause pollution unless something goes wrong. This is the case when we have very hazardous situation. 2. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the four different meanings of the verb “to be”. Decide which function this verb has in every given sentence. Choose between the four given options: - смысловой глагол; - глагол – связка; - вспомогательный глагол; - модальный глагол.
3a. Translate the following sentences. Pay special attention to the word to have.
3b. Read the following passage and state the function of the word to have. It is necessary to mention that a new polyvinyl plastic has been introduced both as a decorative material and a building material. It has been of great use in construction work. It is available in four designs and has a total of 23 different patterns. The new material has important properties. This plastic is of a laminated construction and it is the property that has made it so important. Careful thought had to be given to the composition of the plastic in order to make it fireproof and the problem has been overcome, though a great number of experiments have had to be made in developing the above property. After the material had been thoroughly tested, it showed no change of properties.
4. Choose the sentences in which the verbs to be and to have used as the auxiliary ones.
5. Translate the following sentences. Explain the usage of the words to do, to be, to have.
6. Decide in which sentences the verbs to be, to do, to have used as semantic ones.
7. Fill in the table below by putting in the numbers of the corresponding sentences.
8. Read the following short passage and define the function of the words to be, to have, to do. It is not necessary to give detailed translation of this passage.
What is a Plastic
What are plastics and why are the chemists so enthusiastic over them? Synthetic plastics are man-made substances which not only change their shape under great heat and pressure, but have some changes in their chemical state as well. They are light and hard, being produced by mixing together a number of gases and liquids. A synthetic – or man-made – product must be both better and cheaper than the natural material it is to replace. So quickly have the manufacturers begun to produce plastic products that one can hardly live through the day without using some of them in one way or another. Since plastics have all the fine characteristics of building material and good insulating properties, being fireproof as well, it is no wonder that the architects and engineers have turned to them to add colour and beauty to modern homes and offices.
Дата добавления: 2015-05-31; Просмотров: 978; Нарушение авторских прав?; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! Нам важно ваше мнение! Был ли полезен опубликованный материал? Да | Нет |