II. Grammar Practice Section. 1. Read the following text and give its Russian interpretation

1. Read the following text and give its Russian interpretation. Bear in mind the different meanings of the words to do, to be, to have. While reading find the sentence, in which to be functions as the modal verb.

Alternative Sources of Energy

It is not a secret that energy consumption has increased immensely in the last decades. But do we have enough fossil fuels to satisfy our needs? Do not we have to look for some alter native sources of energy? As fossil fuels are nonrenewable we are highly interested in developing alternative sources of energy.

Solar Power is renewable. It is used for heating houses. Solar cells and furnaces make electricity from sunlight. Solar cells are expensive. Solar power isn’t much use unless you live somewhere sunny. It doesn’t cause pollution and doesn’t need fuel.

Wind Power is renewable as well. It doesn’t cause pollution, doesn’t need fuel. However, a lot of generators are to be installed to get a sensible amount of power. It is necessary to put them where winds are reliable. And the noise can drive you nuts.

Hydroelectric Power plants are built for getting energy from flowing water. Usually we build a dam, and let the water turn turbines and generators as it goes through pipes in the dam. Renewable. No pollution, we do not need fuel, no waste. Very expensive to build. Building a dam we flood a lot of land.

Waves Power. There’s a lot of energy in waves on the sea. However it is not easy to get it. A wave power station needs to be able to stand really rough weather, and yet still be able to generate power from small waves. This source of energy is renewable – the waves will come whether we use them or not.

Geothermal Energy means heat from underground hot rocks. Hot water comes up and we use the heat to make steam to drive turbines, or to heat houses. It is renewable – so long as we don’t take out too much, the energy keeps on coming. However, there are not many places you can do it – the rocks must be suitable. Sometimes we have poisonous gases coming up too.

“Biomass” means burning wood, dung, sugar cane or similar. It is renewable – we can always plant more trees. We burn the fuel to heat water into steam, which drives turbines, which drive generators. Burning anything we pollute the environment.

Nuclear (atomic) power stations use uranium as fuel. It is nonrenewable. Heat from the reactor turns water into steam, which drives turbines, which drive generators. It doesn’t cause pollution unless something goes wrong. This is the case when we have very hazardous situation.

2. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the four different meanings of the verb “to be”. Decide which function this verb has in every given sentence. Choose between the four given options:

- смысловой глагол;

- глагол – связка;

- вспомогательный глагол;

- модальный глагол.

1.	Most up-to-date machines are used on our construction sites.
2.	One of the most important methods of construction is prefabricating structural elements.
3.	Hundreds of thousands of new apartment homes are to be built for the population.
4.	One of the new techniques in housebuilding is to assemble buildings from factory-made blocks of rooms.
5.	Materials can be classified according to their electrical properties.
6.	This method is based on the ability of a material to conduct electricity.
7.	The choice was influenced by the fact that ozone is a powerful oxidizer.
8.	The structure appears to have been built with unusual care.
9.	If tested the engine may be started.
10.	If not repaired the exhaust system will have to be replaced.
11.	A hologram is a three-dimensional image and special equipment is necessary to produce it.
12.	It is to be noted that automation today is an important factor of chemical industrial production. It is being introduced on a wide scale in all branches of industry and agriculture as well as in medicine and everyday life.
13.	In close cooperation with industrial workers our scientists and engineers are developing a lot of new types of electronic and cybernetic devices. They are to become the basis for the solution of a great number of economic and scientific problems. They will be reliable helpers of engineers and scientists.
14.	A great need of rubber for industry put a problem before scientists all over the world. And it was Russian science that solved this problem.
15.	Chemical materials and products are of great importance for all branches of the national economy in our country.
16.	There are a lot of test tubes of different sizes in any chemical laboratory.

3a. Translate the following sentences. Pay special attention to the word to have.

1.	Due to the Sun people have immense supplies of energy. We have to build special solar stations to convert solar energy into electrical one.
2.	He had much work. He had to work hard to improve his project.
3.	As these machines will have a device which is necessary for automatic measurements and inspection, the workers will use these machines in their work.
4.	Physicists have a great many of very important problems. They have to place the atom completely at the service of man.

3b. Read the following passage and state the function of the word to have.

It is necessary to mention that a new polyvinyl plastic has been introduced both as a decorative material and a building material. It has been of great use in construction work. It is available in four designs and has a total of 23 different patterns. The new material has important properties. This plastic is of a laminated construction and it is the property that has made it so important. Careful thought had to be given to the composition of the plastic in order to make it fireproof and the problem has been overcome, though a great number of experiments have had to be made in developing the above property. After the material had been thoroughly tested, it showed no change of properties.

4. Choose the sentences in which the verbs to be and to have used as the auxiliary ones.

1.	The TV-set is producing a lot of noise.
2.	The method developed by this scientist still seems to be the best.
3.	We have new machines in our workshops.
4.	They will have different instruments and devices.
5.	Our engineers have used different methods of heat treatment of metals.
6.	They have fulfilled the plan ahead of time.
7.	They have introduced new methods of production.
8.	Chemists have made special steels which are widely used in industry.
9.	We have improved our methods of work with the help of new machines.
10.	We have to reduce the amount of carbon in this steel.
11.	Many objects cannot be brought to the drilling machine so the drill has to be brought to them.
12.	Nuclear energy has produced a new method for metallurgical work.
13.	They will have to use high strength steels for tools and working parts of machines.
14.	The plant is to fulfill the plan before time.
15.	They had to change some methods of work.
16.	The instrument to be used is on the table.
17.	They will have to make some more experiments to get accurate data.
18.	The scientists were to meet to discuss some problems.
19.	Here is the instrument to be used for our purpose.
20.	Young specialists were shown new equipment.

5. Translate the following sentences. Explain the usage of the words to do, to be, to have.

1.	Do not we have to look for some alternative source of energy?
2.	Do we have enough fossil fuels to satisfy our needs?
3.	Fossil fuels are nonrenewable.
4.	Solar cells are expensive.
5.	It doesn’t cause pollution.
6.	A wave power station needs to be able to stand really rough weather.
7.	The rocks must be suitable.
8.	We have very hazardous situation.
9.	A lot of generators are to be installed to get a sensible amount of power.

6. Decide in which sentences the verbs to be, to do, to have used as semantic ones.

1.	The purpose of a town plan is to give the greatest possible freedom to the individual.
2.	Many new blocks of houses are to be built according to the new development plant.
3.	Measuring devices are of great importance for engineering.
4.	You are to use measuring instruments in your work.
5.	These parts have to be checked whether they meet the specifications.
6.	The units of measurement have been developed in agriculture, trade and construction.
7.	All we have to do is to turn the burnt bulb out of the socket and replace it with a new bulb.
8.	Even the latest scientific achievements do not permit these questions to be answered yet.
9.	Do these cars have any disadvantages?
10.	Semiconductors are likely to be made from silicon.
11.	The theorists have some explaining to do.
12.	Today’s robots do many things humans can’t do or don’t want to do.

7. Fill in the table below by putting in the numbers of the corresponding sentences.

	to be	to have	to do
вспомогательный глагол
модальный глагол			–
смысловой глагол

1.	Laser beam welding is used to weld steels and aluminum alloys.
2.	The electrode must be moved across the joint continuously backwards in a straight line.
3.	The results of the experiment indicated that radioactive emanation did take place.
4.	A mask or helmet is used to protect the face and especially eyes from sparks.
5.	Micro hardness measurements were conducted at three locations.
6.	Laser beam welding will have a great impact on fabrication industry.
7.	There must be a metal container on the floor for the sparks.
8.	His report has some information on the new fuel system.
9.	The speedometer is used to indicate the speed of a car.
10.	The beam-splitter (расщепитель электронного луча) has gone wrong.
11.	The TV-set is producing a lot of noise.
12.	We have some definitions of a robot.
13.	Nearly all lasers have something in common.
14.	Nitrogen has many uses, including glass making.
15.	He was to come at 5.
16.	They had to test the engine twice.
17.	The builders are to erect the structure in two months.
18.	Have you taken all the influencing factors into consideration?
19.	Now everything is being done to solve this problem.
20.	Did he manage to finish the welding in time?

8. Read the following short passage and define the function of the words to be, to have, to do. It is not necessary to give detailed translation of this passage.

What is a Plastic

What are plastics and why are the chemists so enthusiastic over them? Synthetic plastics are man-made substances which not only change their shape under great heat and pressure, but have some changes in their chemical state as well.

They are light and hard, being produced by mixing together a number of gases and liquids. A synthetic – or man-made – product must be both better and cheaper than the natural material it is to replace.

So quickly have the manufacturers begun to produce plastic products that one can hardly live through the day without using some of them in one way or another. Since plastics have all the fine characteristics of building material and good insulating properties, being fireproof as well, it is no wonder that the architects and engineers have turned to them to add colour and beauty to modern homes and offices.

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