II. Grammar Practice Section. I. Topical Vocabulary

I. Topical Vocabulary

Laser Beam Welding

1. To build up your active vocabulary read the following words.

widespread ['waıdspred] adj	–	широкораспространённый
application [,æplı'keı∫n] n	–	применение
to weld [weld] v	–	сваривать(ся)
alloy ['ælɔı] n	–	сплав
density ['densıtı] n	–	плотность; удельный вес
penetration [,penı'treı∫ən] n	–	проникание, проницаемость
bead [bı:d] n	–	сварной шов
conventional [kən'ven∫ənl] adj	–	традиционный, обычный
to exhibit [ıg'zıbıt] v	–	показывать, выставлять
to establish [ıs'tæblı∫] v	–	основывать; создавать; учреждать
response [rıs'pɔns] n	–	ответ; реакция
tensile ['tensaıl] adj	–	растяжимый; strength – предел прочности на разрыв
owing to ['əuıŋ] prep.	–	по причине, вследствие
fusion ['fju:ʒən] n	–	плавка, расплавление
location [ləu'keı∫ən] n	–	размещение, нахождение
significant [sıg'nıfıkənt] adj	–	значительный, важный, существенный
drastic ['dræstık] adj	–	решительный, радикальный; changes – коренные изменения
hence [hens] adv	–	отсюда; с этих пор
crack [kræk] n	–	трещина; треск
advantage [əd'va:ntıd] n	–	преимущество
to expect [ıks'pekt] v	–	ждать, ожидать
impact ['ımpækt] n	–	удар; влияние

2. Match the word combinations in column A with their translation in column B. Mind the translation of the Infinitive.

A		B
1.	in order to weld steels	a)	трудно определить
2.	it is possible to form	b)	важно упомянуть
3.	it is important to point out	c)	важно помнить
4.	it is difficult to determine	d)	для того, чтобы сваривать стальные пластины
5.	to determine the hardness	e)	процесс может привести к изменениям
6.	it is important to mention	f)	важно обратить внимание
7.	the process may lead to changes	g)	определить прочность
8.	joints may contain defects	h)	возможно сформировать
9.	it is essential to remember	i)	стыки могут иметь дефекты

1. Read the following text and give its Russian interpretation. Point out the Infinitives while reading the text. State the function of the Infinitives you will come across.

Laser Beam Welding

The unique properties of lasers account for their widespread application in manufacturing industry. Laser beam welding is currently used in order to weld steels, aluminum alloys and dissimilar materials. This high power density welding process has unique advantages of cost effectiveness, deep penetration and narrow bead in comparison with conventional welding processes. As the thermal cycles of laser beam welding are generally much faster than those of arc welding it is possible to form a rather small weld zone that exhibits locally high hardness.

However, it is important to point out that the metallurgical and mechanical properties of laser welds and the response of conventional materials to this new process have not been fully established yet. It is currently difficult to determine the tensile properties of the laser welded joint area owing to the small size (2-3 mm) of the fusion zone. Therefore an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of laser-welded joints was carried out. To determine the hardness profile of the welded metal three similar joints were produced by a CO₂ laser and microhardness measurements were conducted at three locations. It is important to mention that the microhardness test results, however, exhibited no significant difference between these three locations for all the welded joints.

The welding process may lead to drastic changes in the microstructure with accompanying effects on the mechanical properties and, hence, on the performance of the joint. Laser welded joints, like all other welded joints, may contain defects in the form of cracks in the narrow weld area. The size and location of such cracks directly affect the joint performance and the lifetime of a structure. Nevertheless, it is essential to remember that laser beam welding has a number of advantages over conventional processes. Despite the high investment cost of laser welding equipment, it is expected that laser beam welding will have a great impact on fabrication and manufacturing industries within the next decade.

2. Answer the following comprehension questions. Try to use the Infinitive in your answers. (You may spot appropriate answers in the text).

1.	For what purposes is laser beam welding currently used?
2.	What may laser welded joints contain?
3.	What impact of laser beam welding on fabrication and manufacturing industries is expected?

3. Ask your friend for his opinion.

Example:	(good) to complete this work today / to put it off till tomorrow.
	A:	Which is better: to complete this work today or put it off till tomorrow?
	B:	Well, to my mind, it’s better to complete this work today so tomorrow you will be free.

(easy)	to collect the data / to process it
(useful)	to check welding equipment regularly / to check it occasionally
(difficult)	to follow safety instructions / to neglect them
(valuable)	to invent new things / to improve existing things
(important)	to learn theory / to practice
(good)	to attend classes / to study independently

4. Are there any Passive Infinitives in the text” Laser Beam Welding”? Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the forms of the Infinitive. Put ticks next to the sentences containing the Passive Infinitive.

1.	To meet the requirements of big cities and industrial centres the water supply must be regulated.
2.	The equipment to clean water properly is extremely complicated and costly.
3.	People use natural gas to power automobiles, because it doesn’t pollute the air much.
4.	Steel undergoes heat treatment to improve its structure and to obtain higher or specified mechanical properties.
5.	A digital computer can be used to determine the blend of ores.
6.	To be a good chemist one must first be a good analytical chemist.
7.	It is quite desirable to classify solvents on the basis of distinctive groups which may be present in a molecule.
8.	The results to be expected are of great importance.
9.	This question is too complicated to be answered at once.
10.	Many various types of airplanes are reported to have been produced at our plant during the last decades.

5. Translate the following pairs of sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the difference between the sentences of each pair.

1.	a) To check the ammeter is necessary. b) To check the ammeter it is necessary to connect it to the circuit.
2.	a) To improve the quality of welding is very important. b) To improve the quality of welding we use leasers.
3.	a) To make strong joints you should weld two pieces of the same metal. b) To make strong joints is essential in automobile industry.
4.	a) To follow these instructions is really difficult. b) To follow these instructions you should read them attentively first.

6. Point out the sentences in which the Infinitive is used as the subject.

1.	To explore space is the main task of our cosmonauts.
2.	To explore space many artificial satellites are launched.
3.	To apply new technology in production we are to have all necessary conditions.
4.	To apply new technology is one of the main tasks of our engineers.
5.	It is important to create new synthetic materials.
6.	It is possible to perform these operations with a greater speed.
7.	Automation makes it possible to perform these operations with a greater speed.
8.	It is necessary to launch space pockets to the far regions of the solar system.
9.	It is hard to overestimate the role of radioelectronics in technical progress.
10. To do mechanical work we must apply a force.
11. To do mechanical work is to apply a force.
12. To measure the current is necessary for our experiment.
13. To measure the current one must make an experiment.

7. Point out the sentences in which the Infinitive is used as an attribute.

1.	The exploration to be made is very important for industry.
2.	The exploration is to be made by our scientists.
3.	The scientific problem to be solved will help us to explore space.
4.	Research in the creation of new synthetic materials is to be conducted in the near future.
5.	Research to be conducted in the creation of new synthetic materials is of great importance.
6.	New space rockets are to be launched in the Soviet Union.
7. To conduct an electric current is to transmit electrons.
8. The design of a mechanism depends on the work to be done.
9. Mention is to be made on the high boiling points of this liquid.
10. The ability to do work is called energy.

8. Point out the sentences in which the Infinitive is used as an adverbial modifier.

1.	Nuclear power station was put into operation to produce energy.
2.	To increase the productivity automation is to be used.
3.	To achieve good results in research there must be links between science and technology.
4.	To achieve good results in research is the task of our science and technology.
5.	To convert nuclear energy into electrical power called for extensive research.
6.	To convert nuclear energy into electrical power soviet scientists carried out extensive research.
7.	To carry out research in quantum electronics is of primary importance.
8.	To carry out research in quantum electronics this scientist will continue his experiments next month.

9.	To transform one form of energy into another is quite possible.
10.	To move a body at rest one should apply some new force.
11.	We need a source of power to conduct electricity.
12.	To find the state of a mass of a gas we must know its volume, pressure and temperature.
13.	In science different units are used in order to measure weight and mass.
14.	To use atomic energy for peaceful purposes is the task of our scientists.

9. Choose the sentences, which contain the infinitive in its predicative function.

1.	These units are to be used for measuring the quantity of heat.
2.	To heat a substance is to raise its temperature.
3.	The purpose of a compression ring is to prevent gas leakage.
4.	The problem has to be solved as soon as possible.
5.	The voltage is to be measured.

10. Choose the sentences containing the infinitive, which functions as an object.

1.	To know the quantity of energy present in a body is very important.
2.	Automation is one of the ways to increase productivity.
3.	The energy contained in the radiant beam is used to supply the necessary energy to the electrons.
4.	The air-speed indicator is used to measure the speed of a craft through the air.

11. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Infinitives, which function as the subject or an adverbial modifier.

1.	To use these tubes underwater is not easy.
2.	To maintain good laser performance the mirror must not be distorted.
3.	To employ an isolator between the laser and the rest of the system is important.
4.	To align the mirror He-Ne laser light is commonly used.
5.	To measure the wavelength of a laser is rather difficult.
6.	To initiate a chemical reaction continuous power is used.
7.	To include current flow active ions are introduced for certain measurements.
8.	To give a meaningful comparison of these modes is rather difficult.

12. State the forms and functions of the Infinitives. Translate the sentences.

1.	The mirror to be made of many layers of dielectric substances cannot be heated above 550-600 ºC.
2.	To explain the experimental results the types of local structure are used.
3.	These scientists were the first to prove experimentally the existence of preferences in gas lasers.
4.	The method to be described above permits sealing of the mirror with sufficient strength.
5.	To analyze the conductivity data the electronic structure of amorphous solids is used.
6.	They were the last to obtain accurate ionization limits.
7.	Here is the structure of the sealed portion to be adopted.
8.	These unusual chemical configurations are necessary to understand experimental results on amorphous semiconductors.
9.	These scientists were the first to measure the strength of gas lasers.
10.	Not to crack the mirror the sealing temperature should be as high as possible.
11.	This is a picture of the sealed portion of the mirror to be obtained.
12.	The operating life of glass-sealed laser tubes has been extended to improve its treatment.
13.	These scientists were the first to investigate the electronic properties of amorphous semiconductors.
14.	The problem to be encountered is an accurate position with respect to the optical axis.

13. Fill in the table below by pitting in the numbers of the corresponding sentences.

Functions of the Infinitive	Numbers of the sentences
The subject (подлежащее)
The predicative (часть составного глагольного сказуемого)
The object (дополнение)
The attribute (определение)
The adverbial modifier (обстоятельство)

1.	Air conditioning is the process of treating air so as to control its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet the requirements of the conditioned space.
2.	The use of gas as a fuel is known to have such advantages as ease of operation and reduced maintenance costs.
3.	It is quite necessary to make metal electrodes.
4.	It is unnecessary to mix these substances.
5.	You should put on special clothing to protect yourself.
6.	To supply the current it is necessary to use a transformer.
7.	In order to carry out this experiment take two magnifying lenses of different sizes.
8.	To see Uranus, Neptune and Pluto you need a telescope, and you need to know where to point it.
9.	When astronomers look at the light coming from distant planets, they hope to find signs of life.
10.	A robot is a machine that gathers information about its environment and uses that information to follow instructions to do work.
11.	Our aim is to apply the most modern methods of economic production.
12.	Our country had to import a lot of foreign machinery to equip the industrial enterprises.

14. Find the Russian equivalent to the following English sentence.

1.	At the conference scientists will discuss the problems to be solved.
		a)	На конференции учёные будут обсуждать решённые проблемы.
		b)	На конференции учёные будут обсуждать проблемы, которые нужно решить.
2.	At present the progress of scientific and technical revolution is to be considered in many aspects.
		a)	В настоящее время прогресс научной и технической революции рассматривается во многих аспектах.
		b)	В настоящее время прогресс научной и технической революции нужно рассматривать во многих аспектах.
3.	To strengthen metals engineers mix them with other substances.
4.	To strengthen metals means to make them harder.
5.	The metals to be strengthened are subjected to special operations.
6.	Engineers must strengthen some metals to make them harder.
7.	They are looking for new methods to strengthen metals.
		a)	которые нужно усилить
		b)	усилить (усиливать)
		c)	для усиления (чтобы усилить)
		d)	усилили
8.	To transform water into steam is not a complex process.
9.	To transform water into steam one must heat it.
10.	One cannot transform water into steam without heating it.
11.	The water to be transformed into steam must be heated.
12.	The function of the device is to transform water into steam.
		a)	чтобы преобразовать (для преобразования)
		b)	преобразовать
		c)	которую необходимо преобразовать
		d)	преобразовали
		e)	заключается в преобразовании
		f)	преобразование

15. Supply the forms according to the task.

a)	Give the perfect form of the following infinities (active voice): to stay; to grow; to get; to have; to prefer; to continue; to see; to be; to cry; to stop.
b)	Give the passive form of the following infinitives (perfect and non-perfect): to write; to give; to prove; to buy; to look for; to bring; to forget; to beat.
c)	Give all the possible forms of the following infinitives: to work; to carry; to choose; to stand; to smoke; to break; to strike.
d)	Supply all the missing forms of the following infinitives: to be done; to have been; to have made; to be held; to have been tried; to be spoken of; to have risen; to be raised.

16. State the form of the given infinitives.

to be mentioned; to have known; to have been dealt; to have been told; to be asked; to shut; to have said; to be constructed; to be erected; to build.

17. The two sentences below have a different structure but the same meaning.

A: The substance that should be analyzed is of great value.

B: The substance to be analyzed is of great value.

Change the structure of the sentences so as to keep their meanings unchanged.

1.	The equipment that should be installed in the workshop has specific use.
2.	The petrol that should be delivered from the petrol tank should be clean.
3.	The new battery that should be used in the car is very effective.
4.	The new car devices that should be developed have several advantages.
5.	The car emissions that should be controlled are very harmful to the environment.
6.	The automobile that should be developed will run on hydrogen.

18. Read the following sentences very attentively. Some of them are incorrect. Put ticks next to these sentences and correct the mistakes. Comment on your answers.

1.	The aim of an instrument panel is provide the driver with certain information.
2.	Buildings, to be complete, must have not only “convenience” and “strength” but also “beauty”.
3.	The dam forms a reservoir which contributes to meeting the needs of different fields of human life.
4.	We badly to need to find new ways of using water in industry and agriculture and of radically improving the technology of drainage purification.
5.	The function of a crane is hoist or lower a load suspended from its jib.
6.	It is not possible to starts on a construction job without a good deal of preliminary leveling the site.
7.	The most accurate method of measuring proportions is to weigh the required quantities of each material.
8.	The function of the tachometer is to be indicate the engine speed in revolutions per minute.
9.	You must to go to the service station in order to repair the brakes.
10.	Materials can be classified according to their electrical properties.

19. Look through the following passage. Write out the infinitives and state their function.

The importance of motor roads for the national economy is closely related to the intensity of traffic on them, i.e., the higher the traffic intensity, the better should be the standard of design. Where traffic intensity is high the expenditure necessary for the construction of the road to follow the most direct route and with shallow gradients will soon be compensated by the economy in traffic operation. On the other hand, if in spite of a high traffic intensity the road is built with steep gradients and a narrow carriageway, though its capital cost may be much lower it will not permit the most effective performance of vehicles to be realized, in particular the maintenance of high vehicle speeds. In the long run, the cost of motor transport operation would become expensive.

The question of choice of the type of road, however, does not depend exclusively on the cost of construction. A number of other factors must be taken into consideration, particularly the part to be played by the specific highway in the transport system of the national economy.

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