II. Grammar Practice Section

I. Topical Vocabulary

On the Crossroad of Civilizational Development

1. To build up your active vocabulary read the following words and try to memorize them.

affluence ['æfluəns] n	–	изобилие, богатство
formidable ['fɔ:mıdəbl] adj	–	страшный, грозный; значительный, внушительный
precedent [prı'sı:dnt] adj	–	предшествующий
stride [straıd] n	–	большой шаг; pl. успехи
pace [peıs] n	–	шаг, скорость, темп
to occur [ə'kə:] v	–	случаться, происходить
cure [kjuə] n	–	лечение, лекарство, средство
to afflict [ə'flıkt] v	–	огорчать, причинять боль, беспокоить
shortage ['∫ɔ:tıdʒ] n	–	нехватка, недостаток
to attain [ə'teın] v	–	достигать, добиться
endeavour [ın'devə] n	–	попытка, старание, стремление
bounteous ['bauntıəs] adj	–	щедрый; достаточный, обильный
pursuit [pə'sju:t] n	–	преследование; занятие; стремление
fruitful ['fru:tfl] adj	–	плодородный, плодотворный
to preach [prı:t∫] v	–	проповедовать, читать наставления
irrational [ı'ræ∫nəl] adj	–	неразумный, нерациональный
to accompany [ə'kΛmpənı] v	–	сопровождать, сопутствовать
to regard [rı'ga:d] v	–	смотреть на; рассматривать, считать
consequence ['kɔnsıkwəns] n	–	следствие, последствие
deprecatory ['deprəkeıtərı] adj	–	молящий об отвращении какой-л. беды, старающийся умилостивить
deterioration [dı,tıərıə'reı∫n] n	–	ухудшение, порча
tolerant ['tɔlərənt] adj	–	терпимый
decline [dı'klaın] n	–	падение, упадок, спад
to unfold ['Λn'fəuld] v	–	развёртывать, раскрывать

2. Match the word combinations in column A with their translation in column B.

A		B
1.	it is a time of technological growth	a)	эта планета
2.	cultural change and other ones	b)	это время технологического прогресса
3.	to reach a conclusion that	c)	эти изменения
4.	reality that occur	d)	реальность, которая существует
5.	this planet	e)	кто-то может быть несчастлив
6.	one might be unhappy	f)	культурные и другие изменения
7.	these changes	g)	прийти к выводу, что

1. Read the following text and give its Russian interpretation. Pay attention to the sentences containing pronouns it, that, one.

On the crossroad of civilizational development

According to some authors-Marx, Spendler, Toynbee and others, – we live in the time of greatness, of affluence, of most formidable manifestations of the human genius, the unbound promethean spirit. It is a time of unprecedented technological, economic, scientific growth and development, expansion of freedom, formidable improvements in the standards of living, emergence of the new industrial and post-industrial times even post-historical one. They point out: democracy advances in strides. In most nations the entire population won electoral rights. All nations recognize the code of Human Rights instituted under the Charter of United Nations. Rights to liberties are respected in many nations of the world. Never in the past have technological, economic, cultural change other ones been generated everywhere in the world at such an accelerating pace as they occur at present. Comparing the material, social, political conditions under which most of humanity lived at the beginning and at the end of the 20^th century a conclusion can be reached that on the whole the condition on our planet has enormously improved. Moreover, progress is not a meaningless invention but a historical reality that occur on our planet. Our scientists have found cures for many of the terrible diseases afflicting humanity in the past. Relived from energy shortages attained as a result of this endeavour, humanity will enter a new epoch, the unfolding fourth, even more bounteous period of our industrial revolution. The most powerful nations on this planet are now increasingly unified in pursuit of peace, protection of the environment, economic trade, cultural and scientific cooperation and fruitful coexistence. Some nations still live in the past. Religious or ideological fanatics here or there still preach hate and call for wars on those who have different ideas. We are still irrational, but at the same time we seem to become more rational, tolerant, understanding and sort of conscientious of our common destiny. Sure, one might still be unhappy about the pace of these changes, the complex problems they generate, the frequency of disasters accompanying these processes, the poverty continuing to exist, but should one regard the consequences of this evolution solely in terms of decline, deterioration and other deprecatory and disapproving terms?

2. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the asyndetic connection.

1.	I was sure he would come.
2.	Long ago people thought the earth was not moving and the sun moved around the earth.
3.	He was asked who had given him this magazine.
4.	Curved mirrors many drivers use help to see more traffic that a flat mirror does.
5.	Scientists say the earth is surrounded by a layer of air that presses down on the earth.
6.	We were told our article would be discussed at the meeting.
7.	The economic laws we studied offered great possibilities for widening social production.
8.	Of all the outstanding discoveries the human mind made in the 20^th century the disclosure of the secrets of the atom will be viewed by the future generations as an event which had a tremendous impact on the destiny of the world.
9.	He said he was no longer interested in the discussion of that problem.
10.	She thought she was the happiest woman in the world.
11.	The wealth princes possessed was created by the hard work and skill of the peasants and artisans.
12.	The house Yakub Kolas lived in from 1952 to 1956 is a memorial museum now.
13.	Every language consists of words we put together in sentences.
14.	We know the English language has a fixed word order.
15.	The inhabitants of the island say they have illiterates.
16.	Nobody believed the Titanic could sink.

3. Translate the following sentences. Point out those ones with the asyndetic connection.

1.	She felt being looked at. She felt somebody looked at her.
2.	We thought we would take part in our experiment. We thought him to have taken part in our experiment.
3.	We expected he would do the work in time. He was expected to do the work in time.
4.	Our authorities believe the English delegation will come at the end of the month. The English delegation is believed to come at the end of the month.
5.	Some people say games are for children. Playing games is supposed to be interesting for children only.
6.	She says she likes watching the sun rise. Many people like to watch the sun rise.
7.	The captain declared the load to be too much for his small boat. The captain declared his boat was too small for that load.
8.	The 20^th century is considered to be the century of space travel. People consider the 20^th century is the century of space travel.
9.	We expected him to be appointed director of a new automobile plant. We expected he would be appointed director of a new automobile plant.

4. Choose which of the four options (a, b, c or d) corresponds to each given sentence.

1.	We have the books you spoke about.
		a)	У нас есть книги, о которых вы говорите.
		b)	У нас есть книги, о которых вы говорили.
		c)	Мы говорили о книгах, которые у вас есть.
		d)	Мы говорили о книгах, которые есть у вас.
2.	The methods we are speaking about were known long ago.
		a)	Мы говорили о методах, о которых давно знали.
		b)	Мы давно знаем о методах, о которых говорили.
		c)	Методы, о которых мы говорили, были давно известны.
		d)	Методы, о которых мы говорили, были нам известны давно.
3.	One might be unhappy about the pace of the changes, the complex problems they generate.
		a)	Невозможно быть довольным скоростью происходящих изменений, проблемами, которые они порождают.
		b)	Кто-то был недоволен скоростью происходящих изменений, проблемами, которые были порождены.
		c)	Появившимися проблемами невозможно быть недоволен.
		d)	Появившиеся проблемы привели к изменениям, которыми не все довольны.
4.	Scientists compared the conditions most of humanity lived under at the beginning and at the end of the 20^th century.
		a)	Учёные сравнивают условия, в которых жила большая часть человечества в начале и в конце 20 столетия.
		b)	Учёные сравнили условия, в которых жила большая часть человечества в начале и в конце 20 столетия.
		c)	Учёные сравнили людей, которые жили в начале и в конце 20 столетия.
		d)	Учёные сравнили людей, которые жили в одинаковых условиях в начале и в конце 20 столетия.
5.	Some authors point out: democracy advances in strides.
		a)	Некоторые авторы заметили: демократия продвинулась вперёд очень быстро.
		b)	Для некоторых авторов демократия развивалась большими шагами.
		c)	Некоторые авторы замечают: демократия развивается быстрым темпом.
		d)	Некоторые авторы заметили: демократия продвигается большими шагами.
6.	Она показал нам список статей, которые они опубликовали в прошлом году.
		a)	She showed us a list of articles, they will publish next year.
		b)	She is showing us a list of articles, they published last year.
		c)	The published list of articles was shown to her.
		d)	She showed us a list of articles they published last year.
7.	Они настаивали, чтобы вопрос, который они обсуждали, был пересмотрен.
		a)	They insisted on the question they were discussing being reconsidered.
		b)	They insist on the question they discussed being reconsidered.
		c)	They reconsidered the question they were discussing.
		d)	They were discussing the question they reconsidered.
8.	Он говорит, что предпочитает путешествовать на машине.
		a)	He says he prefers traveling by car.
		b)	He said he preferred traveling by car.
		c)	Traveling by car is preferable.
		d)	He says he preferred traveling by car.
9.	Мы знаем, что древесина имеет много сфер использования.
		a)	We know wood had many uses.
		b)	Many uses of wood we know.
		c)	Many uses of wood we knew.
		d)	We know wood has many uses.
10.	Результаты, которых мы ждём, имеют большую значимость.
		a)	The results we expect are of great importance.
		b)	We expect the results of great importance.
		c)	It is expected to have results of great importance.
		d)	We expected great importance of those results.

5. Transform the following pairs of sentences into complex ones, by means of the conjunctionless connection.

1.	In the 17^th century people began to limit the number of children. People have children.
2.	We know many different newspapers. People read newspapers every day.
3.	Life depends upon social conditions and material welfare of the people. Many people believe that there is such dependence.
4.	This article observes new cultural relations. New cultural relations between Belarus and other countries are developing now.
5.	Ancient people thought about rich and poor people. God divided people into rich and poor ones.
6.	Children learn the rules. We behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers.
7.	Relations between people are regulated by customs, rules and laws. Government and social institutions make laws.
8.	Many general customs have become laws. The courts adopted many general customs.
9.	The economic system used in most countries lies between the two extremes. In most countries people use the economic system of command and market economies.
10.	People sometimes call advertising “the engine of prosperity”. Advertising serves an important function for business.

6. Read the following sentences and decide which words the nouns in bold type substitute.

1.	I haven’t got a car yet, but I’m going to buy one in the near future.
2.	“Can you see any taxis here?” “Oh, yes, I can see one. Let’s take it. Hi, taxi.”
3.	“If you’re going to travel, you must take a camera with you!” “But I haven’t got one.” “Take mine!”
4.	They’ve got very nice guidebook in that shop. Let me go and buy one.
5.	You’ve got an excellent assistant. I’ve got one, too. But he doesn’t help me much.

7. Use one or ones instead of the words in bold type.

1.	I haven’t got a pet, but I’d like to have a pet.
2.	What a lovely cat! I’ve got a cat, too, but it isn’t so pretty.
3.	An answering machine is a very convenient thing. I’d like to have an answering machineat home.
4.	If you want to buy a camera, you can buy a camera in a shop near here.
5.	I know how to use a computer, but I haven’t got a computer yet.

8. Substitute the pronouns one or ones for the words in fold type.

1.	It’s going to be a new screen version of that novel, quite a new version from beginning to end.
2.	Do you know Fennell, the film director? Well, he has made several films in the last few years, and very good films, I must say!
3.	Your old experiments were very successful, but we’re interested in your recent experiments.
4.	We’ve got an answer to the question you have asked, a very definite answer.
5.	My friend isn’t a reporter, he’s a businessman, and a very successful businessman.
6.	Our teacher doesn’t usually explain rules that are easy to understand, she only explains difficult rules.

9. Fill in the table below by putting in the numbers of the appropriate sentences.

One

Формальное подлежащее в неопределённо-личных предложениях	Подлежащее в предложении со сказуемым, в состав которого входит модальный глагол	В форме притяжатель-ного падежа	Заменитель ранее упомянутого существительного во избежание его повторения	Числительное

1.	One should be very careful when crossing the street.
2.	That was the distance that they covered in one hour.
3.	One never knows what to expect in this case.
4.	This was one of the reasons for the lengthening of the bus route.
5.	This device is an ordinary one.
6.	One of the largest systems of law of which we have knowledge is the Code of Hammurabi.
7.	Roman law is one of the greatest systems which have ever existed.
8.	One of the most important stages in ancient history was the formation of the slave states in the countries of Asia and Africa.
9.	One might be unhappy about the pace of technical changes, the complex problems they generate.
10.	One should have courage to defend one’s point of view.

10. State the function of the word it in the given sentences. You are to choose between the four given options:

a)	It (личное местоимение) – подлежащее, заменяет ранее упомянутое неодушевлённое существительное.
b)	It – формальное подлежащее в безличном предложении.
c)	It – дополнение.
d)	It (усилительное) – в составе эмфатической конструкции.

1.	A black object looks black because it absorbs almost all the light that reaches it.
2.	A piece of clear glass has no colour because it transmits all the colours of white light.
3.	The surface heats the air above it.
4.	The top layer of the earth is the crust. It is 8 to 65 kilometers thick.
5.	I would like you to do it.
6.	In the first year you will study Roman law as it is the basis on the laws of most European countries.
7.	A Law passing through Parliament is called a bill. When a bill is introduced by a member of the House of Commons, it receives its formal “first reading” after which it is printed and circulated to members.
8.	Newspapers reported that the session had begun its work two weeks later.
9.	It’s only possible to vote at the polling station appropriate to one’s address.
10.	Naturally, with so enormous a potential vocabulary at his command, the average individual speaker of the English language will master only a relatively small part of it.
11.	It is only in the course of the last hundred years, that English has become a world language.
12.	It is important for any student to be well-read.
13.	It was because of the weather, that we stayed at home.
14.	We use a new method. It is more effective than the old one.
15.	It often rains in autumn.
16.	It is necessary to go there at once.
17.	We were given a new text. It was more difficult than the previous one.
18.	It became traditional to celebrate Independence Day.
19.	It was Henry Sweet who laid the foundation of the study of Old English dialects.
20.	It is important to read the preface because the writer may indicate the purpose of the book in it or he may give information that will help the reader.

11. Translate the following sentences. Pay special attention to different meanings of the words it and one.

1.	It is necessary to make choices because we live in a world of scarcity.
2.	As Britain was the first big trading country, it established a network of trading relationship all over the world.
3.	It is technological improvements that increase the productivity of labour very often.
4.	One always faces the scarcity problem in some form.
5.	All societies must decide what goods and services to produce, which ones to postpone, and when and how to transfer productive resources from one use to another.
6.	It is clear to everyone that the development of new technologies is important.
7.	It is scarcity of productive resources that makes choices necessary.
8.	One major goal of many societies is economic freedom.
9.	One should remember that low fields are better for potatoes, and the high ones are better for wheat.
10.	People in a rich country are healthier than those in a poor one.
11.	It was Henry Sweet who laid foundation of the study of Old English dialects.
12.	One must not identify the figure of the here with the personality of the writer himself.
13.	This new magazine is more interesting than the old one.
14.	It is important to broadcast this news in time.
15.	One can easily understand why the articles of this journalist are so popular.
16.	The City of London had walls around it at one time.
17.	It is at night that the West End of London is full of life.
18.	Small towns in Britain differ from the traditional ones in other countries.
19.	One should remember that the monarchy in Britain is constitutional.
20.	The most attractive feature of any science is that it enables us to shape the world.
21.	It is television that has been called man’s “third eye”.
22.	The older trees give better fruit than the younger ones.
23.	It was Isaak Newton who said that light is a combination of different colours.
24.	The deeper one goes into the ocean, the smaller and sparser life becomes.
25.	The first world maps were made by the Greeks, it is supposed that Anaximander had designed the first ones.
26.	It’s interesting to know that the world’s highest temperature was recorded in Ethiopia – 63ºC.
27.	Geology deals with the history of the earth. It studies agencies and processes which are continually altering it.
28.	It was Julius Caesar who laid the basis for a new calendar.

12. To be sure you know how to use the words one and it, do the following exercise. He you are to choose between one and it. The accurate translation will definitely help you.

1.	It’s a very useful article. Read (it / one) very carefully.
2.	I’m looking for a coat for my daughter. I saw (it / one) in your shop window that I liked. Could I have (it / one)?
3.	“Let’s have a snack in a café today!” “Good idea! I know (it / one) round the corner (it / one) is very nice.”
4.	It’s so convenient to work with a computer. I’m going to buy (it / one) when I have enough money.
5.	We’ve got a language lab at our University, and (it / one) is quite up-to-date. Have you got (it / one) in yours?
6.	I want a stamp for my letter. I must go and buy (it / one).
7.	I can’t find my red felt pen. I think I’ve lost (it / one)! Could you lend me (it / one) for a moment?
8.	It’s a good question and an important (it / one).

13. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the word that and decide whether it is a conjunction or a pronoun in each of the sentences below.

1.	I have not seen anything interesting at __________ exhibition.
2.	Show mw your copy-book, please. No, not __________ one. I want __________ one.
3.	With the aid of new tools man was able to get benefits from nature __________ were formerly inaccessible to him. He was also able to change __________ natural benefits and to make them more useful to himself.
4.	Sometimes the cost of goods rises and __________ results in the rise of prices, or in flation.
5.	To disprove __________ let’s review the unemployment rate.
6.	In markets __________ do not possess a large number of sellers and buyers, the forces of supply and demand are modified by the structures __________ prevail in __________ markets.
7.	It was not until the early 1970s __________ enough experiments had been done to understand the processes involved in weather modification.
8.	North America is a low platform __________ rises above the sea.
9.	The sole aim of __________ expedition was obtaining new data about the sea bottom.
10.	__________ things happen so rarely __________ it is not worth organizing life to be ready for them.

14. a) Find in the text “On the crossroad of civilizational development”

the sentences containing the words it, that, one and translate these sentences into Russian.

b) State the function of these words (it, that, one) in the given sentences.

1.	It was because of risky and dangerous trade that the merchants formed companies.
2.	It was profitable for the East India Company to trade with India, because it did not pay custom duties.
3.	In the transition from one formation to another, the old traditions of production are abolished and the new ones take their place.
4.	In the 16^th century it was more profitable in England to breed sheep than to grow grain.
5.	The merchants sold the cloth in town or took it to ports for export.
6.	There were several sources of the King’s income but manufacture of woolen cloth was the main one.
7.	One couldn’t produce enough cloth without machines.
8.	One should have courage to speak and write the truth about the facts and events going on around.
9.	One of the necessary qualifications for higher school is complete secondary education.
10.	Weather modification as it came to be called, was clearly more complicated than it had been thought.
11.	It was because of risky and dangerous trade that the merchants formed companies.
12.	Law cannot be separated from the judges who interpret and administer it.
13.	It is the Cabinet and not Parliament that controls and runs the nation’s affairs in England.
14.	Business contacts as well as cultural ones contribute to mutual understanding and trust among peoples.
15.	One must observe the law.
16.	It is not easy to investigate a criminal case.
17.	As the trial was open to the public many people attended it.
18.	One must observe traffic rules.
19.	It is really important for a linguist to know foreign languages.
20.	One must read the instructions carefully to do this work properly.

15. Give the plural from of the words in italics. Make all necessary changes in the other parts of the following sentences.

1.	This old house is very beautiful, and that one’s lovely, too!
2.	We’ve got a lot of useful guide books. Look at this one and let me fetch that one on that shelf.
3.	I don’t quite like this record. Could I listen to this one and let me have a look at that one over there.
4.	“I can’t find the model I’m looking for in this catalogue, I’m afraid.” “Oh, can’t you? Then have a look at this one, and let me look through that one on the table over there.”

16. Read the following sentences very carefully. Find the mistakes if there are any and correct them. Pay attention to the words one, that, it.

1.	One full orbit around the sun is one revolution.
2.	A plateau is a flat land this is higher than the land around it.
3.	Cooler air sinks because this is heavier than warm air.
4.	The earth is surrounded by a layer of air that presses down on the earth.
5.	Each light ray that hits the surface of a curved mirror is reflected back at the same angle those it hit.
6.	Anything this changes the number of producers or consumers in a community can change a food web.
7.	The earth is like a ball that spins on an axis.
8.	The length of time for one rotation of the earth is ones day.

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