Grammar Practice Section. 1. Translate the following text in written form

Topical Vocabulary

1.1.

Technical Studies

The Keys

III. Writing Section

1. Translate the following text in written form. Use a dictionary if necessary.

The beginning of the newspaper

The English newspaper began when Englishmen began to understand the world around them, beyond the boundaries¹ of their own villages or towns. In England some hundred years ago, outside London, there were only small communities², where people were interested only in the daily life of their own countryside.

From early times three methods of circulation of news had been known: the proclamation, issued by the king or the government, to inform the people about laws and posted up on the church door; the sermon, preached by the clergy³; and various kinds of popular ballads, poem, songs and rhymes sold in the streets or sung in taverns to celebrate events such as the birth or marriage of a prince or princess, victory in a battle and so on. In the country villages too the traveling packman would bring news of what was happening in the world outside. These were the only real popular news in England until the second half of the 19^th century, when the printed press for the first time began to appeal to the mass of the ordinary people.

The first written news service was supplied to the great and wealthy people in Elizabethian England (1558-1603). They had to spend part of the year in London in attendance on the Queen⁴ in Parliament, or in the Law Courts. There they would hear news of important events. They also exchanged daily gossip with the crowds in the streets of London. During the summer the rich went to their country houses. To keep in touch with the news⁵ they often employed private news-writers called Intelligencers⁶, to send them regular bulletins of the gossip of the town. These reports were not printed, they were private letters addressed to a particular client.

Before the invention of printing in the 15^th century Germany no good means existed for copying several letters or documents. The printing press was introduced into England by William Caxton in 1476. And to this day it is common to refer to newspapers generally and to the journalists who work for them and write them as, simply, “the press”.

¹ beyond the boundaries – за пределами

² small communities – небольшие общины

³ the sermon, preached by the clergy – проповедь, читаемая священником

⁴ in attendance on the Queen – при королевском дворе

⁵ keep in touch with the news – быть в курсе дела

⁶ intelligencer – осведомляющий, доносящий (новости)

УЭ – 1

Ex. 2

1-b

2-a

3-e

4-f

5-g

6-c

7-d

Ex. 3

3, 4, 5

Ex. 4

1.	went; were kept
2.	was carried out
3.	were produced
4.	were conducted
5.	appeared
6.	were powered; were involved
7.	had

Ex. 6

1-a

2-c

3-a

4-c

5-b

6-c

7-a

8-a/b

9-b

10-a

Ex. 7a

1-b

2-b

3-c

4-c

5-a

6-a

7-b

Ex. 7b

1-b	2-d	3-c	4-b	5-a	6-c	7-c	8-b	9-a	10-c
11-b	12-d	13-a	14-d	15-c	16-b	17-a

Ex. 10

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