II. Grammar Practice Section. I. Topical Vocabulary

I. Topical Vocabulary

Social Morality, Rules and Laws

LIGHT READING

The Professor Couldn’t Answer It

Old Mr. Brompton was a very clever man. He was a professor and had a lot of degrees. Yet the other day he could not answer his granddaughter’s question.

“Grandpa”, she said, “I saw something so funny running across the kitchen floor without any legs. What do you think it was?”

The professor thought and thought but at last he had to give it up.¹

“What was it?” he asked.

“Water”, replied the little girl triumphantly.

¹ at last he had to give it up – в конце концов ему пришлось сдаться (отступить)

1. To build up your active vocabulary read the following words and try to memorize them.

law [lɔ:] n	–	закон
to refer [rı'fə:] v	–	ссылаться, иметь отношение
behaviour [bı'heıvjə] n	–	поведение, манеры
descriptive [dı'skrıptıv] adj	–	описательный
prescriptive [prı'skrıptıv] adj	–	предписывающий, нормативный
custom ['kΛstəm] n	–	обычай, привычка
to enforce [ın'fɔ:s] v	–	проводить в жизнь; принуждать; усиливать
penalty ['penltı] n	–	наказание; штраф
enforceable [ın'fɔ:səbl] adj	–	осуществимый; обеспечиваемый применением силы
authority [ɔ: 'θɔrətı] n	–	власть
experience [ık'spıərıəns] n	–	(жизненный) опыт, квалификация, мастерство
to suffer ['sΛfə] v	–	страдать, терпеть
violently ['vo(ı)ələntlı] adv	–	сильно; яростно; жестоко
to refuse [rı'fju:z] v	–	отказывать, отвергать
to guide [gaıd] v	–	вести, руководить
court [kɔ:t] n	–	суд
to back [bæk] v	–	поддерживать; подкреплять
to commit [kə'mıt] v	–	совершать
crime [kraım] n	–	преступление
to pattern ['pætn] v	–	делать по образцу
conduct ['kɔndΛkt] n	–	поведение

2. Match the words combinations in column A with their translation in column B. Mind the translation of the Infinitive.

A		B
1.	to accept the rules	a)	совершать преступление
2.	to break the rules	b)	соблюдать нормы
3.	to suffer penalty	c)	принимать закон
4.	to make laws	d)	терпеть наказание
5.	to enforce the laws	e)	принуждать выполнять законы
6.	to commit a crime	f)	нарушать нормы
7.	to pass a law	g)	принимать правила
8.	to observe the rules	h)	создавать законы

1. Read the following text and give its Russian interpretation. Point out the Infinitives while reading the text. State the function of the Infinitives you will come across.

Social morality, rules and laws

We use the English word “law” to refer to limits upon various forms of behaviour. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people usually behave. Other laws are prescriptive – they prescribe how people ought to behave.

In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs – that is, informal rules of social and moral behaviour. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some laws are made by nations to be enforced against all citizens within their power.

The rules of social institutions are more formal than customs. They carry penalties for those who break them. They are not, however, enforceable by any political authority.

Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we should behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our own experiences. Sometimes, we can break these rules and do not suffer any penalty. But if we continually break the rules, or break a very important one, other members of society may criticize us, act violently toward us or refuse to have anything to do with us. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work and relax together are usually guided by many such informal rules which have very little to do with laws created by governments.

However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts backed by the power of the police. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone (for example when young children commit crimes).

Government – made laws are nevertheless often patterned upon informal rules of conduct which already exist in society and relations between people are regulated by a combination of all these rules.

2. Answer the following comprehension questions. Try to use the Infinitive in your answers (you may spot appropriate answers in the text).

1.	What does the English word “law” refer to?
2.	What regulates the relations between people?
3.	Are customs made by governments?
4.	How do we learn how to behave in society?
5.	How do governments enforce the laws which they make?

3. Study the translation of the following sentences containing the Infinitive.

1.	How to solve this problem is not clear.		Неясно, как решать эту проблему
2.	My friend is likely to come today.		Вероятно, что мой друг приедет сегодня.
3.	The articles is easy to understand.		Эту статью легко понять.
4.	I want them to come here in time.		Я хочу, чтобы они пришли сюда вовремя.
5.	He turned out to be a specialist in such matters.		Он оказался специалистом по таким вопросам.
6.	This is the only thing for you to do.		Это единственное, что вы можете сделать.
7.	He is said to be writing his course paper.		Говорят, что он пишет курсовую работу.
8.	I was happy to have been offered this job.		Я был счастлив, что мне предложили эту работу.

4. Construct sentences according to the model.

1.	It is difficult to get this book. (pleasant – to work with him; easy – to explain the fact)
2.	The problem is how to do it. (where – to stay; what materials – to use)
3.	The text is easy to translate. (problem – to solve; matter – to discuss)
4.	He is known to work at this problem. (to be the father of Russian science; to live in France)
5.	He appeared to be ill. (to be away; to be a true friend)
6.	He was the last to come. (to leave; to mention it)
7.	I would like you to do it. (to make a report; to start now)
8.	Here is the letter to be typed. (the document – to sign; the article – to translate)

5. Translate the following pairs of sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the difference between the sentences of each pair.

1.	a)	To study two foreign languages simultaneously is not easy.
	b)	To study two foreign languages simultaneously it is not easy to do for the beginners.
2.	a)	To drive a car was not difficult for her.
	b)	To drive a car one must be very attentive.
3.	a)	To do this task is really difficult.
	b)	To do this task you should read the instruction attentively.
4.	a)	To grow fruit when it rains a lot is difficult.
	b)	To grow fruit one must have good soil.

6. Are there any Passive Infinitives in the text “ Social morality, rules and laws”? Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the forms of the Infinitive. Put ticks next to the sentences, containing the Passive Infinitive.

1.	The victim is the first person to be interviewed.
2.	He seems to be investigating a criminal case.
3.	One must study regularly to know English well.
4.	It was first University to be built in Scotland for nearly four hundred years.
5.	He was happy to have passed his exams.
6.	This is the main problem to be discussed at the conference.
7.	You must hurry not to be late.
8.	He doesn’t like to be deprived of his rights.
9.	To translate this article he consulted the dictionary.
10.	His aim was to enter the University.

7. Choose the right form of the Infinitive.

1.	The article is difficult (перевести).
		a)	to have translated
		b)	to be translating
		c)	to translate
2.	They proved unable (решить) the dispute.
		a)	to settle
		b)	to have been settled
		c)	to be settled
3.	You do not seem (иметь) a good knowledge of Russian History.
		a)	to have had
		b)	to be having
		c)	to have
4.	Let the children (собираться) in the hall.
		a)	to have been gathered
		b)	to gather
		c)	to be gathering
5.	They are known (награждать) with medals recently.
		a)	to have been decorated
		b)	to be decorated
		c)	to decorate
6.	The children are glad (обучать) music.
		a)	to be taught
		b)	have taught
		c)	to be teaching
7.	He waited for the paper (опубликовать).
		a)	to publish
		b)	published
		c)	to be published

8. a) Find the sentence in which the Infinitive functions as the predicative.

1.	Geology attempts to interpret the earth in its relation to knowledge of chemistry, physics, astronomy and other sciences.
2.	Many theories to explain the origin of the continents have been put forth.
3.	The aim of geography is to study the earth in its relation to man.

b) Find the sentence in which the Infinitive functions as the subject.

1.	To record the ideas brought up by the brainstorm session is extremely important.
2.	The volume begins with five general papers that expose the differences of opinion to be reconciled.
3.	To discuss the course of the negotiations between the union leaders and the administration the mass meetings were to be called.

c) Find the sentence in which the Infinitive functions as an adverbial modifier.

1.	To decrease prices you should reduce the cost of the product.
2.	The aim of macroeconomics is to study the economy in general.
3.	One of the best ways to get a feeling for economics is to examine some problems in the field.

d) Find the sentence in which the Infinitive functions as an object.

1.	Their income is not rising enough to keep up with the cost of living.
2.	To disprove this let’s review the unemployment rate.
3.	He likes to study foreign languages.

e) Find the sentence in which the Infinitive functions as an attribute.

1.	The valuable information to be collected by sputniks will help to improve previous results.
2.	Greece was the first country to win freedom from the Turks.
3.	Newton made use of the three laws of motion to explain the movement of the moon around the earth and of the planets around the sun.

9. Find the Infinitive in the sentences, define its form and function.

1.	It is useless to discuss the question.
2.	I don’t like to be interrupted.
3.	It’s too late now to go to the park.
4.	He appears to be satisfied with the results of his work.
5.	They are certain to be here on Monday.
6.	He worked hard not to lag behind the other students.
7.	Give me something to eat.
8.	He is said to have written a new play.
9.	She seems to have been told about it.
10.	They seem to have been writing their composition for an hour already.
11.	To live means to create.

10. Fill in the table below by putting in the numbers of the corresponding sentences.

Function of the Infinitive	Numbers of the sentences
subject (подлежащее)
predicative (часть составного глагольного сказуемого)
object (дополнение)
attribute (определение)
adverbial modifier (обстоятельство)

1.	She doesn’t seem to be writing anything now.
2.	He was very glad to have employed foreign reporters for his magazine.
3.	New sources of information are to be found.
4.	To pass the exam she read many books.
5.	To say that a society is civilized doesn’t mean that it has a high culture.
6.	Man is the only animal that uses one tool to make another.
7.	Man’s ability to speak and develop language allows him to share knowledge with other men.
8.	I want to be informed of the results in time.
9.	Very often teenagers rely totally on their parents to make a decision concerning choosing a University.
10.	Many factors must be taken into account.
11.	Belarus is a country to have achieved progress in training specialists in applied mathematics.
12.	The sales manager is unhappy to have failed the sales.

11. Read the following sentences very attentively. Some of them are incorrect. Put ticks next to these sentences and correct the mistakes. Comment on your answers.

1.	The work to be divided up among them was hard.
2.	Sometimes they were glad have to been given any work.
3.	The Egyptians were the first to make paper from papyrus.
4.	Napoleon’s great wish was crush the Russian army and to capture Moscow.
5.	The United Kingdom was the first country in the world become highly industrialized.
6.	To protect themselves from robbers, the merchants united into groups.
7.	Examine these classes separately will be the best way to outline the social history of this period.
8.	The object of punishment is reform to and educate the guilty person.
9.	He went to Oxford to study law.
10.	They must have been arrested over a year ago.

12. Look through the following passage. Write out the Infinitives and state their function.

Business organizations may be considered as firms or companies. They produce goods or render services. From the legal point of view there are three basic kinds of business firms: 1) proprietorships, 2) partnerships and 3) corporations. A proprietorship is simply a oneowner firm. To start business of this kind it is necessary to obtain licences required by the law. The proprietorship form has several advantages, such as: simplicity of organization, freedom to make all decisions, tax advantages etc.

Partnerships are firms owned jointly by two or more persons who are co-owners of business. Partnerships are based on agreement, which should cover all areas of possible disagreement among the partners. Advantages of the partnership may be combined talents, judgements, skills as well as larger capital and tax advantages to share.

Corporation is a firm owned by a group of people, called stock holders, and given rights, privileges and liabilities by law. Advantages of the corporation to be mentioned is variety of skills, abilities and ideas, ease of expansion. Corporation has the right to conduct business as if it were one person.

13. Write various forms of the Infinitive.

a)	Indefinite Passive (to translate – to be translated).
	to receive, to defend, to defeat, to tell, to write, to read, to do.
b)	Continuous Active (to translate – to be translating).
	to develop, to make, to discuss, to look, to give, to take, to examine, to watch, to enter.
c)	Perfect Passive (to translate – to have been translated).
	to send, to finish, to teach, to arrest, to offer, to attack, to make, to do.
d)	Perfect Continuous (to translate – to have been translating).
	to live, to work, to tell, to teach, to discuss, to look through.

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