Since, yet, for, already

Use

1) recently completed actions

She has tidied her room. (She has finished tidying her room. You can see it is tidy now. – evidence in the present)

2) actions which happened at an unstated past time and are connected with the present

He has lost his keys. (He is still looking for them.)

3) personal experiences / changes which have happened

I’ve lost 10 kilos.

4) emphasis on number

She 's written three letters since this morning. She has called on two clients since 12 o'clock.

Time expressions: just, ever, never, already, yet (negations & questions), always, how long, so far, recently, since (= from a starting point in the past), for (= over a period of time), today, this week/month etc

Note: live, feel and work can be used either in the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Cont. with no difference in meaning.

I’ve been living / I’ve livedin Rome for a year.

8.1 Use the prompts to make a question:

e.g. you / ever / see a humming bird? – Have you ever seen a humming bird? It's the world smallest bird.

1. you / ever / read War and Peace? It's one of the longest 19th-century novels.

2. you / ever / visit San Marino? It's Europe’s second smallest country.

3. you / ever / swim in the Pacific Ocean? It's the largest ocean in the world.

4. you / ever / take a trip to the Sahara Desert? It's one of the hottest places in the world.

8.2 Complete each sentence with one of the time words in the list. You will need to use some words more than once:

In the laboratory....

Sue: 'Haven't you left yet?'

Michael: 'No. I’ve been here _____ 8.00 this morning.'

Sue: 'Have you checked the results of the experiment _____? '

Michael: 'Yes, I’ve _____ done that.'

Sue: 'We’ve worked on this project _____ three weeks. Unfortunately we haven't discovered anything interesting _____.'

Michael: 'No, nothing has happened _____ last Tuesday.'

Sue: 'Yes, I know. I’ve _____ seen your report.'

Michael: 'So I’m going to do the experiment again. But I haven't started it _____.'

Sue: 'Don't bother. I’ve _____ started it. I haven't checked _____, but I think we're going to get the same results.'

NOTE: Spot the difference between the following: Have gone to / Have been to / Have been in

He has gone to Brussels. (= He's there or on his way to Brussels.)

He has been to Brussels once. (= He's visited Brussels but he's back now.)

He has been in Brussels for two months. (= He's in Brussels now.)

8.3 Fill in: has - have been in/to, has - have gone to:

Editor: Where's Stevens? I haven't seen him for days.

Secretary: He 1) has gone to Washington to interview Kim Basinger.

Editor: How long 2) ___ he_______ Washington?

Secretary: Three days.

Editor: What about Milton and Knowles?

Secretary: They 3) ___ _______ London. They're going to interview the Royal Family.

Editor: 4) ___ anyone _______ Paris to talk to Main Delon?

Secretary: Smith 5) ___ _______ his country house. He interviewed him there yesterday actually. He's coming back today.

8.4 Use the prompts to make a present perfect simple question about scientific advances. Then answer yes or no:

e.g. scientists / discover a cure for the common cold? – Have scientists discovered a cure for the common cold?

1. people / live for long periods in space?

2. human beings / land on Mars yet?

3. scientists / invent time travel yet?

4. doctors / manage to transplant human hearts?

5. archaeologists / find the lost city of Atlantis?

6. scientists / ever teach an animal to talk?

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