Present Perfect Continuous. 1) past actions which happened one after the other

Grammar Quiz

Used to

Use

Past simple

1) past actions which happened one after the other

She sealed the letter, put a stamp on it and posted it

2) past habit or state

He used to go/went to school on foot

3) complete action or event which happened at a stated past time

She called an hour ago. (When? An hour ago.)

Action which happened at a definite past time although the time is not mentioned. This action is not connected with the present Shakespeare wrote a lot of plays. (Shakespeare is now dead; he won't write again. - period of time now finished)

Time expressions: yesterday, last week etc, (how long) ago, then, just now, when, in the 1945 etc.

9.1 Complete the sentence with the past simple form of the verb in brackets. Then decide if each sentence is True or False:

1. Greek actors (wear) wore masks and special boots. True

2. Spartan children (take) _______ baths only two or three times a year.

3. The philosopher Sуcrates (drink) _______ poison and died.

4. Alexander the Great's army (go) _______ as far as China.

5. Heron of Alexandria (make) _______ a kind of jet engine.

6. The Roman Emperor Caligula's name (mean) _______ 'Happy Soldier'.

7. Roman mathematics (have) _______ no zero.

8. Most Roman girls (get) _______ married at the age of 18.

9. Roman soldiers (pay) _______ for their own equipment and food.

10. The Romans (know) _______ how to make soap and cement.

9.2 Seven of the sentences (including the example) contain historical errors. Guess which ones are wrong and rewrite them with a negative past simple form:

1. Alexander the Great married Cleopatra. – Alexander the Great didn’t marry Cleopatra.

2. Nelson Mandela became President of South Africa in 1994.

3. Leonardo da Vinci invented the Internet.

4. Confucius the Chinese philosopher died in 1900.

5. Marco Polo stayed in China for five years.

6. The ancient Romans used steam engines in their battles.

7. Genghis Khan invaded Italy and captured Rome.

8. Christopher Columbus reached America by accident.

9. William Shakespeare wrote Don Quixote.

9.3 Rewrite each statement about the playwright William Shakespeare as a yes / no question:

1. He came from a rich family. Q Did he come from a rich family? – A No, not really. His father was a glove maker.

2. He grew up in London. Q ____________________________________?

A No, in Stratford upon Avon, a small town about 160 km from London.

3. He went to school. Q ________________________________________?

A Yes, we think so.

4. He knew Latin. Q __________________________________________?

A Yes, he learnt Latin at school, and some Greek as well.

5. He got married. Q __________________________________________?

A Yes, he was only 18 when he married Anne Hathaway, aged 26.

6. They had children. Q ________________________________________?

A Yes, a daughter Susanna, and twins, a boy Hamnet and a girl Judith.

7. He began writing plays in Stratford. Q ___________________________ _______________? A We don't really know. We only know that after 1592 he was an actor and writer in London.

8. He wrote 37 plays all by himself. Q ____________________________?

A Well, we know he wrote two plays together with John Fletcher. Some people think that all his plays were really written by somebody else.

9. He made up all the characters and plots of his plays. Q _____________ _______________________? A Actually no. He borrowed lots of ideas from other writers. This was quite usual in his time.

10. He became rich and famous. Q _______________________________?

A He certainly became quite rich, and his plays were popular. But he only became really famous in the 18th century and later.

Used to expresses past habits or states. It forms its negative and interrogative with "did" and it is the same in all persons. We can use Past Simple instead of "used to".

e.g. She used to walk / walked long distances. She didn't use to stay in and watch TV.

9.4 Complete the sentence with used to + a verb from the list:

write, spend, work, hold, help, act, teach, set, tell, do

1. Charles Dickens, the novelist, used to write until early in the morning, and then go for long walks across London.

2. William Shakespeare ______________ in some of his own plays.

3. The German philosopher Immanuel Kant ____________ exactly the same things at the same time every day, so that people ____________ their watches by his actions.

4. The author Agatha Christie ____________ her second husband with his archaeological excavations.

5. The novelist James Joyce _____________ English in the Italian city of Trieste, and some people say that he ___________ his students the wrong meanings of words as a joke.

6. The novelist Marcel Proust _______________ in a special soundproof room.

7. The ancient Greek philosophers _____________ their classes outside in the open air.

8. The Russian novelist Vladimir Nabokov ____________ his free time studying and catching moths and butterflies.

Past Simple versus Present Perfect
Past Simple	Present Perfect
complete action which happened at a time in the past: e.g. She left yesterday. (When did she leave? Yesterday.)	complete action which happened at a time in the past e.g. Don has left for Madrid. (We don't know when he left; unstated time; he's now there or on his way there.)
past action which is and happened at a definite past time not mentioned e.g. I met John Lennon. (I won't meet him again; he's dead. – period of time finished)	past action which is and happened at a definite past time not mentioned I' ve spoken to Richard Gere. (I may speak to him again; he's alive. – period of time not finished yet)

9.5 Find and underline examples of the present perfect:

Interviewer: I’m here today with Ozlem Turel, an ELT teacher who’s written a blog on teaching English. Welcome, Ozlem.

Ozlem: Thank you!

Interviewer: So, how long have you been a teacher, Ozlem?

Ozlem: For about six years now. I graduated in 2004 and then I started teaching.

Interviewer: OK, and do you teach only English or other subjects too?

Ozlem: I’ve only ever taught English.

Interviewer: How long have you had your current job?

Ozlem: For the last five years.

Interviewer: And how many different schools have you taught in?

Ozlem: I’ve taught in two different schools. I worked for two years in a primary school and now I work in a kindergarten.

Interviewer: What age groups have you taught and which is your favourite?

Ozlem: I’ve taught kindergarten, first, second and third grade, and also eighth grade students, and my favourite is kindergarten.

Interviewer: have you ever thought about changing your job?

Ozlem: No, never. I like it.

Interviewer: And what’s the best thing about being a teacher?

Ozlem: Well, I love to be surrounded by kids. And a teacher is always a student. You never stop learning. It’s my passion and I was born to do it.

Interviewer: OK, thank you for talking to us today, Ozlem.

Ozlem: You are welcome!

Work in groups and circle the correct answers:

1. a) Ozlem worked for two years in a primary school.

q Does she work there now? Yes / No

q What tense is the verb? Past Simple / Present Perfect

b) Ozlem has been a teacher for six years.

q Is she a teacher now? Yes / No

q What tense is the verb? Past Simple / Present Perfect

c) Circle the correct tense for the following rules:

q We use the Past Simple / Present Perfect when we talk about an action that happened in the past and is now finished.

q We use the Past Simple / Present Perfect for an action that started in the past and continues to the present.

2. a) Ozlem has taught fist and second grade.

q Do we know exactly when? Yes / No

q What tense is the verb? Past Simple / Present Perfect

b) I taught first grade in 2005.

q Do we know exactly when? Yes / No

q What tense is the verb? Past Simple / Present Perfect

c) Circle the correct tense for the following rules:

q We use the Past Simple / Present Perfect when we talk about something that happened at a specific time in the past.

q We often use the Past Simple / Present Perfect to talk about past experiences, when we don’t mention a specific time.

3. a) Pierre’s just come home from work.

q Is Pierre at home now? Yes / No

q When did he arrive there? A long time ago / A short time ago

b) Pierre hasn’t come home from work yet.

q Is Pierre at home now? Yes / No

q Do I expect him to come home? Yes /No

c) Which of the following sentences are correct?

q I’ve finished yet. / I’ve just finished. / I haven’t finished yet. / have you finished yet?

4. a) My dad’s gone to the doctor.

q Where is my dad? Here / At the doctor’s

b) My dad’s been to the doctor.

q Where is my dad? Here / At the doctor’s

c) Your husband arrives late home.

q What do you say? “Where have you been?” / “Where have you gone?”

5. a) Ozlem has had her current job for the last five years.

q Complete the sentence:

Ozlem has had her current job since __________.

b) Circle the correct variant for the following rules:

q We use for / since when we describe a length of time.

q We use for / since when we describe a time from a point in the past to now.

q We can use “for” with the past simple / present perfect / both.

q We can use “since” with the past simple / present perfect / both.

9.7 Read the text about climate change. Choose the correct form, A or B, to complete the sentence:

At the moment, scientists agree that the world's climate 1) B warmer over the past 50 years, but they disagree about the causes. Some believe that human activities 2) ___ climate change. They argue that for 1,000 or 2,000 years before 1850, when records 3) ___, the temperature was more or less stable. Short warm or cold periods 4) ___ during that time, but the climate always 5) ___ to the same level. However, since the Industrial Revolution, human beings 6) ___ more and more fossil fuels, such as coal and oil. In 1800 the atmosphere 7) ___ around 280 parts per million of carbon dioxide (CO2). Since then there 8) ___ an increase of about 3 l%. This extra carbon dioxide 9) ___ the world's temperature because of the greenhouse effect.

Other scientists disagree that human activities over the past 50 years 10) ___ global warming. They point out that volcanoes and other
natural processes 11) ___ CO2 into the atmosphere, and that human activity 12) ___ a rise in CO2 of only three per cent.

In 1999, 156 countries 13) ___ the Kyoto protocol, part of a United Nations agreement on climate change, which 14) ___ into force in 2005.They 15) ___ to reduce their emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, although so far, some countries, such as the USA and Australia, 16) ___ any action.

1. A became B has become

2. A caused B have caused

3. A began B have begun

4. A occurred B have occurred

5. A returned B has returned

6. A burned B have burned

7. A contained B has contained

8. A was B has been

9. A raised B has raised

10. A caused B have caused

11. A always released B have always released

12. A contributed B has contributed

13. A signed B have signed

14. A came B has come

15. A agreed B have agreed

16. A did not take B have not taken

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