Typological consonants of vowels

Typology of phonological level

1. typological constants [indexes] in phonology
2. typological constants of vowels
3. typological constants of consonants
4. typology of supersegmental means in phonology: stress and intonation
5. typology of syllables [syllable division]

The notion “ typological constant ” denotes different criteria of description and classification. Phonological systems in different languages differ in 2 aspects:

1. quantitatively
2. qualitatively

Some languages have a balanced proportion of vowels and consonants and they are called vocalic languages. If consonants prevail greatly, the languages are called consonantic.

Some languages use interdental consonants, like English, New Greek, Danish.

Usage of glottal phonemes – they are very rare in IE sounds.

Typological comparison in phonology deals with several constants:

1. the number of phonemes in the language and their nomenclature.

2. The structure of phonological oppositions within this language.

3. The number of phonological correlations within this language.

4. Neutralization of phonological oppositions. In different languages neutralization takes place in different positions and this is criteria for comparison. Russian and German – consonants are neutralized at the end of the word.

5. It is distribution of phonemes and their frequency of occurrence. e.g. in English phonemes [s] and [z] and [t] and [d] are used most often because they are very commonly used within grammatical morphemes. Some phonemes are extremely rare: [ae] in Russian.

6. Functions of the phonemes within the word (in Semitic languages most consonants expressed meaning....... In Turkish languages the situation is quite obvious – vowels are free from grammatical meaning. Göl – озеро, gül – цветок. Русский: дог, бог, рог.

These 6 criteria are constant taken for comparison of any 2 languages.

Subsistence of vowels in English consists of 20 phonemes, 12 monophthongs and 8 diphtongs, whereas in Russian there are only 26 phonemes, all of them are monophthongs. According to the place of articulation vowels are classified:

English:

[I:] [e] [ae]	[i]	[ɜ] [ɜ:]	[ɒ] [ɔ:] [u:]	[ɑ:] [ʌ] [ʊ]
Fully front	Front retracted	central	Fully back	Back advanced

The high of the tongue. sm. Arakin.

In English there are diphthongs and in Russian there is no, in Russian there is a combination of two phonemes. Даю [дʌйу]

Distribution of vowels also differs. In English in the open syllable mostly long vowels and diphthongs are used, in unstressed position – the neutral vowel. It can be expressed in writing in many ways – potato [pə'teɪtəu], teacher ['tiːʧə]

In Russian distribution of vowels is not clearly determined. The distribution of phoneme [ы] is limited, it can be used only after hard consonants.

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