Display the fundamental differences between scientific, anti-scientific and extra-scientific knowledge.

Evaluate the unity and specify the differences between philosophy and science as two forms of rationality.

The unity of the origin of philosophy and science, philosophical, ideological, scientific and theoretical knowledge is not in doubt. Philosophy and science as "links in a single chain" in the direction of the human intellect to comprehend the basics of life, in the sphere of natural philosophy, cosmology, ontology coincide with each other.

Philosophy is not a science of all sciences, ie it is not necessary over the private disciplines, as well as it can not be one of the special sciences among others.

But philosophy, unlike science, it makes a universal judgment and strives to reveal the metaphysical laws of the whole world as a whole.

Another difference from the philosophy of science is that science has traditionally been abstracted from the problem of values ​​and from making value judgments. She seeks the truth - that there is in the things themselves, not wanting to talk, good or bad is the fact that it finds. In other words, science is responsible mainly on the questions of "why?", "How?" And "how?", But prefers not to ask metaphysical questions such as "why?" And "why?"..

10 Expand the concept “quantifier of existence”.

Quantifier of existence (existential quantifier) in predicate logic - the predicate property or relation to at least one of the domain element. Is denoted by a logical operator ∃ (pronounced "exists" or "for some"). Quantifier of existence must be distinguished from the universal quantifier, claiming that the said property or relation holds for all elements of the field.

The hallmark of scientific knowledge over the other, nonscientific - it is his theoretical and immediate link with the experience through which it is checked for truth or falsity. The purpose of science is related to the acquisition of new, reliable knowledge about reality, which describe, explain or predict its processes and phenomena.

Besides research, there are other forms of knowledge and cognition, which do not fit the criteria of scientific character. Ordinary, religious, artistic, imaginative, playing and mythological knowledge. In addition to the nonscientific forms of knowledge are also included magic, alchemy, astrology, parapsychology, mystical and esoteric knowledge, the so-called "occult sciences", etc. This means that the theory of knowledge can not be limited only to the analysis of scientific knowledge, and should explore and all his other diverse forms that go beyond science and criteria of scientific knowledge.

Pseudoscience is a falsification of scientific data for political, religious, economic or personal purposes.

12 A comparative analysis of the concepts: information, knowledge, wisdom.

Information, knowledge, wisdom - all these phenomena can be regarded as different forms of human comprehension of the world.

Information, as they define it, is the collection of information, data, messages transmitted through signals.

Unlike information, knowledge is a system of well-organized information and messages. That is out of the system, not knowledge.

Today, numerous science offer us knowledge that can show us the ways of solving the complex issues of the modern world. They indicate to us on a number of factors suggest doctrines, theories, and the whole world. We take a lot of these gifts and we understand that many things can come in handy.

But for us it is not always acceptable excessive rationalism of science, knowledge is the alienation from life, which at times makes itself felt in scientific works. We need something that can capture the mind, emotion, belief that life has meaning, and culture - value. In other words, we need wisdom, so that may be the wisdom of the individual, the nation and society.

Wisdom is defined in dictionaries, encyclopedias and philosophical encyclopedias in different ways. In the historical past, they point out, the wisdom of the concept has been extended, it attached great importance to the sacred books of civilizations "classic" of the East, in ancient philosophy, the teachings of Confucius and his followers in the various schools of Indian philosophy. In modern culture idea of ​​the wisdom of non-uniform, as well as wisdom itself. For example,

Dictionary by Robert (France) defines wisdom: 1) true knowledge about the world (historic and literary value), 2) a virtue, right conduct (historic, religious), 3) moderation, peace of mind, coupled with the knowledge (philosophical), and other

Brockhaus Encyclopedia (Germany): pre-scientific experience and a comprehensive understanding of the world and its nature, which allows to take a high and at the same time confident, humble attitude in relation to the world and people...

Philosophical Encyclopedia: English - sensible and thoughtful judgment as to how to live... knowledge... Intelligent understanding of the world, but refracted in practical terms...

Italian - a way to live, act and behave in accordance with the highest principles of morality...

Referring to Thomas Aquinas, and even further into the past - Aristotle, Encyclopedia states that in those days of classic morality was the basis of the concept of wisdom. In recent times - beginning with Descartes - it increasingly replaces the knowledge or, at least, something irrational (Nietzsche)

We believe that this notion includes at least three components. Firstly, there is the wisdom of the moment of intuition, direct perception of the truth. Said inner voice - in the sense of Socrates 'demon'. In ancient civilizations it was associated with the wisdom of an idea about something prophetic, prophetic. Sage is often considered a fortuneteller, soothsayer, sorcerer.

Wisdom can be understood as knowledge, he made the property of the individual, knowledge, refracted in a unique "I" of the individual.

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