Commonly confused words

VOCABULARY

STARTING UP

Ex. 1. Look at these sayings. What do they mean? Which of the ideas do you agree with?

• Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself.

John Dewey (1859 – 1952), American philosopher

• Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance.

Will Durant (1885 – 1981), American historian

• The only person who is educated is the one who has learned how to learn and change.

Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987), American psychologist

Ex. 2. Read through the passage out of the book University Life Uncovered [17] and discuss the questions below.

1. Will the traditional university survive in the 21^st century?
2. Can you agree with the author that in the 21^st century Learning is commodified, and the learner is seen as a customer?
3. Should the university serve the needs of societies/ industries/ governments or provide non-vocational studies for elites?
4. Should all the countries have the same system of higher education and what would be the pros and cons of such a system if it was realized? Think about

· mobility and employability

· cultural and economical inequalities and traditions of research

Ex. 1. Affect or effect? Efficient or effective? Read the information in the boxes [18] and underline the correct word in the sentences below

Affect and effect are often confused even by native speakers of English. The most important thing to remember is that affectas a verb and effectas a noun are similar in meaning, signifying ‘influence’, ‘impact’ or ‘change’. Effectas a verb is used only in very formal English, meaning to ‘carry out’ or to ‘cause something to happen’.

1. The really hot weather affected/ effected everybody’s ability to work.

2. I know my neighbours play loud music late at night, but that doesn’t affect/ effect me. I can sleep through anything.

3. The number of tourists travelling to Britain this year has not been effected/ affected by the strength of the pound.

4. The tablets which he took every four hours had no noticeable effect / affect on his headache.

5. My words of comfort had little affect/ effect. She just went on crying and wouldn’t stop.

6. When you effect/ affect a situation, you have an effect/ affect on it.

7. What effect/ affect does pollution have on the atmosphere?

Being efficient means to work in a well-organised way, without wasting time or energy. To be effective means to work well and produce the results that were intended.

1. She was efficient/ effective in everything she did and was frequently commended for exemplary service to the organization.

2. He hasn’t made very efficient/ effective use of his time in revising for these exams: he has made no notes and his concentration spans appear to last for no longer than ten minutes.

3. This engine is really efficient/ effective, it can run for 30 km on only 1 litre of fuel.

4. These tablets really are effective/ efficient. My headache’s much better now.

5. The only effective/ efficient way to avoid hay fever at this time of the year, if you are a sufferer, is to stay indoors.

6. Effective/ efficient postgraduate researchers can get the most out of their PhD.

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