The Open Market

Прочтите и устно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите З абзац.

Перепишите и переведите на русский язык предложения, содержащие усилительные (эмфатические) конструкции.

1. And he did maintain himself though he was very young. 2. It is labour that creates the use-value (потребительская стоимость) of a commodity. 3. It is under simple commodity production when the owner of commodities sells his goods to purchase others. 4. It is the worker's ability to create surplus value that the employers are most interested in. 5. It is oil that is becoming too expensive for generating electrical power; therefore the percentage of energy obtained from coal does increase.

In addition to being a means of exchange, money is also a means of measuring the value of men's labour. Labour, in economic theory, is any work undertaken in return for a fixed payment. A mother may work very hard for her children, but she receives no fixed wages for her work. It is not therefore labour in the strict economic sense. Economists are interested in measuring the services, which people render to each other. They are not concerned with such services, which people provide for nothing. In economics, money is the standard by which the value of things is judged.

Human labour produces both goods and services. The activities of a farm worker and a nurse are very different, but each is measurable in terms of payment received. If however a farmer is self-employed and does not receive a fixed wage from anyone else, he is in a different category from the nurse and from his own farm workers. His activities are not wholly labour. His workers receive their wages, but he receives whatever surplus (large or small) emerges from his farming. This surplus, like any surplus in industry or commerce, is what we usually call profit.

Employers obtain their net profits only after they have paid all expenses arising out of their business activities: interest, rentals, payments for machinery, wages and overheads generally. The surplus is not usually available only for employers and their families. Normally part of it goes to those who have provided the initial capital needed to start a business. There is always an element of risk in providing capital for new businesses. Such businesses may fail. Both those who have provided the capital and those who run the businesses agree to bear risk, but employees of such businesses are not expected to bear any risk. If the business is successful, the risk-taking has been justified, and invested capital earns part of the profits as a return on the investment and the period during which the capital was at risk.

ВАРИАНТ II

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