The Open Market

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Усилительные (эмфатические) конструкции.

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1. If prices increase we shan't be able to buy more fuel from you. 2. If

you gave us a 5% discount we would increase our purchase of fuel. 3. If there had been an excess of this commodity the demand would have fallen. 4. Had the terms been reasonable the contract would have been signed immediately. 5.If you think we are living in an age of technology, you are perfectly right. If you think this is a phenomenon of recent years or centuries, you are entirely wrong. 6. If we look at the structure of societies, it will be seen that they are divided into different levels, or strata. 7. If we could go back thousands of years, we should find that people who lived at that time also had to think of necessary supplies of food and clothing, and of suitable shelter. 8. Trade would have developed, if some surplus had been produced. 9. The great development of industry that occurred in the 19^th century would not have been possible if it had not been for the invention of steam.

1. The quality and quantity of the necessary means of substance do

depend on certain factors. 2. It is the development of the forms of value that led to the appearance of money itself. 3. It is the working people who suffer most from the inflation. 4. It was two years ago when the firm built this factory. 5. It was the mechanized cotton mills of the North of England that were making wealth.

Monopoly is one of the peculiar factors, which can affect the sale, and purchase of certain commodities. In some markets, there may be only one seller or a cartel of sellers working very closely together to control prices. The result of such monopolistic activity is to fix prices at a level suitable to the seller, a level, which may bring him artificially high profits. Many governments dislike this procedure and have taken legal action to restrict or halt any business activities directed towards "cornering the market". In the US, anti-trust laws operate to limit cartels and mergers, while in Britain the Monopolistic Commission examines all special arrangements and mergers referred to them by the Board of Trade which appear to operate against the public interest.

This type of monopoly is not the only possibility, however. There are three other forms: state, legal and natural. State monopolies are quite common nowadays, where the authorities in a particular country control industries like steel and transport or important and prestigious services like national airlines. Legal monopolies are rather different, because the law permits certain individuals to benefit solely from their special inventions, discoveries or processes. No other person may infringe their rights in respect to such monopolies. Finally, natural monopoly arises where a nation or individual possesses most of a particular mineral for reasons of geography and geology. Canadian nickel and South African gold are two well-known examples of this kind of monopoly.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 4

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