From the history of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square.

ТНE MANDIBLE

Wordbuilding

THE SUPERIOR MAXILLARY BONES

-ly - суффикс, образующий наречие

deep - глубокий deeply – глубоко

1. Guess the meaning of the adverbs and translate them:

anterior - anteriorly loud - loudly

posterior - posteriorly quick - quickly

name - namely bad - badly

vertical - vertically happy - happily

wide - widely careful.- carefully

2. Translate the words of Latin origin:

the canine fossa, the orbit, a depression, internal, external, the first bicuspid teeth, tuberosity, to perforate, to occupy, a pyramid.

3. Make the Grammar analysis of the following sentences. Translate them:

1. The superior maxillary bones, being knit together on the median line of the face, are of very irregular form.

2. The facial surface is directed forwards, the lower border being more protruded than the upper one.

3. Being perforated by small holes the posterior surface transmits nerves and blood vessels to the molar teeth.

4. Pay your attention to these word combinations:

the floor of the orbit - основание глазницы

the nares - носовая полость

to enter into the formation - принимать участие в

формирования

something like - подобно

to bound, boundary - ограничивать, граница

5. Study the picture.

1the nasal notch

2 the infra-orbital foramen

3 the median line

4 the facial surface

5 the zygomalic process

6 the infra-orbital surface

7 the orbital surface

8 the canine fossa

9 the frontal process

10 the alviolar arches

6. Read the text and be ready to answer some questions:

The bones of the face consisting of the mandible and the superior maxillary bones form much of the anterior portion of the face. The superior maxillary bones are closely knit together except the mandible which is movable. The superior maxillary bones, being knit together on the median line of the face, are two in number, and of very irregular form.

They occupy the anterior upper part of the face and consist of a
body and processes. Being the largest bones of the face except the
mandible, they enter into the formation of three cavities, namely: the orbit,
the mouth and the nares.

The body is the central part of the bone. The body is shaped something like a pyramid and exhibits four surfaces, namely: the external or facial, the posterior or zygomatic, the superior or orbital and the internal or palatine.

The facial surface is directed forwards and vertically, the lower border being more protruded than the upper one. This surface presents a depression just above the canine and the first bicuspid teeth. It is called the canine fossa. Above the canine fossa, there is the infra-orbital foramen for the nerve of the same name.

The zygomatic surface is situated posteriorly forming the anterior boundary of the zygomatic fossa. Between it and the facial surface there is a well-developed ridge extending from the molar region to the base of the zygomatic process.

The posterior surface has a bulging called tuberosity. It is connected with the palate bones and bounds the antrum behind. Being perforated by three or four small holes the posterior surface transmits nerves and blood vessels to the molar teeth.

The orbital surface of the superior maxillae forms the greater part of the floor of the orbit.

1. What are the main bones of the face?

2. What bone is movable?

3. What bones are knit together?

4. Where are the superior maxillary bones situated?

5. Where is the canine fossa situated?

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Listen to the tape-recording of the text and prepare the fast reading of it.

Ex. 2. Give English equivalents:

углубление, быть просверленным, хорошо развитый гребень, лицевая поверхность кости, инфра-орбитальное отверстие, основание глазницы, небная поверхность, зубной канал, отросток, нижняя челюсть.

Ex. 3. Translate, paying attention to the Participles and their functions:

1. Being the central part of the superior maxillae the body has four surfaces.

2. Knowing English, you will be able to read and translate English articles on medicine in the riginal.

3. The depression called "the canine fossa" is situated above the canine teeth.

4. A bulging of the posterior surface being connected with the palate bones bounds the antrum ehind.

5. The child having a high temperature refused to take food till evening.

6. Acquiring the knowledge of the structure and functions of the human body, the medical students learn how to recognize diseases.

7. The body of the superior maxillary bones being shaped like a pyramid, has four surfaces.

8. There is a well developed ridge between the zygomatic fossa and the facial surface.

9. Undertaking a practical course medical students act as doctors' assistants.

10. Everything done, we went home.

Ex. 4. Insert the necessary word:

1. The superior maxillary bones are of avery... form.

2. The body is the... part of the bone.

3. There is... just above the canine teeth called ……

4. There is the... foramen for the nerve of she same name.

5. The posterior surface transmits... and to the molar teeth,

Ex. 5. Answer the questions and check your answers:

1. How many superior maxillary bones are there?

2. Where are the superior maxillary bones knit together?

3. What part of the face do they occupy?

4. What do they consist of?

5. What cavities do the superior maxillary bones form?

6. What is the central part of the bone?

7. What form has the body?

8. How many surfaces has the body?

9. What surface has the canine fossa?

10. Where is the infra-orbital foramen situated?

11. What is there on the posterior surface?

Ex. 6. Read the text "The Maxillary Bones" and answer the question: "What surface has the infra-orbital groove?"

The superior maxillary bones by their union form the arch of the upper jaw and each bone presents for examination a body and four processes, e.g. zygomatic, frontal, alveolar and palatal.

The superior maxillary bones are the largest of the face except the mandible.

The body is the central part of the bone and has four surfaces.

The external surface is irregularly convex and has the so called "canine fossa".

The nasal surface forms the lateral boundary of the nasal cavity.

At the lower aspect of the zygomatic surface there is the "maxillary tuberosity" and the posterior dental vessels and nerves enter the bone.

The superior face of the bone has the infra-orbital groove, which, passing forwards, becomes canalised and divided into two branches, one terminating in the infra-orbital foramen; whilst the smaller branch transmits the anterior dental nerves and vessels to the front teeth of the upper jaw.

Lesson 10

1. Listen to the following words and word combinations and learn their meanings before reading the text:

a pair of rami, a coronoid process, a condyloid process, to surmount, a consti icted part, a symphysis menti, an outer surface, convex, concave.

2. Study the picture and remember the following expressions:

1.the condyloid process -мыщелковый отросток;

2. the mandibular notch - нижне-челюстная вырезка;

3. the coronoid process -венечный отросток;

4. the mandibular foramen -нижне-челюстное отверстие;

5. the upper border of the mandible -верхняя граница нижней челюсти;

6. the lower border of the mandible -нижняя граница нижней челюсти;

7. the mental foramen -подбородочное отверстие;

8. the outer surface of the mandible -внешняя поверхность нижней челюсти;

9. the inner surface of the mandible -внутренняя поверхность нижней челюсти.

3. Pay your attention to the use of the Complex Subject in these sentences.
Translate them:

1. The upper part is known to be called the alveolar part.

2. The lower border is known to be the base of the mandible.

4. Read the text and be ready to answer some questions:

The mandible lies below the anterior part of the cranium and is the skeleton of the lower part of the face. It has the body and a pair of flat, broad rami, which stand up from the posterior part of the body.

Each ramus is surmounted by two processes: the anterior is named the coronoid process, and the posterior is the condyloid one. The condyloid process has an articular part called the head.

The right and left halves of the body of the mandible are united
together in the medial plane in front. Their junction is called the
symphysis menti. The halves of the mandible are joined together by
fibrous tissue at birth, but they are fused together into one bone during
the second year. Each half of the body of the mandible has an outer
and inner surface and an upper and a lower border. The surfaces

slope so that the lower border makes a wider arch than the upper border.

The upper pan is known to be called the alveolar part because it is occupied by a row of alveoli, those are the sockets for the teeth. On each side the sockets for the two incisors, the canine and two premolars are single but for the three molars are double, for each mandibular molar has two roots: anterior and posterior. The lower border is known to be the base of the mandible. The outer surface is slightly convex, but has a depression alongside the symphysis below the incisor teeth. The mental foramen is seen on the outer surface of the mandible. The inner surface is convex and concave at different parts. There is a shallow depression called the submandibular fossa.

The mandibular foramen leads into a canal which runs in the substance of the bone and carries the vessels and nerves for the teeth.

The mandible is the only bone of the face which has movement. The temporamandibular joint is known to make a wide range of mandibular motion. This joint consists of two joints on either side of the mandible, which articulates with temporal bones on either side of the head. The mandible serves as the attachment of the elevator muscles which consist of the masseter, temporal and internal pterygoid muscles.

1. What is the mandible?

2. What parts does the mandible consist off

3. What part is called the alveolar one?

4. What bone of the face has movement?

EXERCISES

Ex. I. Listen to the text and prepare the fast reading of it.

Ex. 2. Give English equivalents;

передний, задний, верхний, нижний, ветвь, отростки, венечный отросток, суставный отросток, наружная поверхность, внутренняя поверхность, соединение, подбородочный шов, отверстие, объединять, подъязычная ямка,

Ex. 3. Choose the necessary preposition.

1. The head of the condilyloid process is supported neck.

2. The ramiare united together... fibrous tissue... birth

3. The mental foramen is seen... outer surface of the mandible.

4. The upper part is occupied... a row alveoli.

5. The alveoli are the sockets... the teeth.

6. The mandible has a pair... broad rami.

7. The mandibular foramen leads... a canal which carries the vessels and nerves... the teeth.

by, at, on, in, with, from, for, of, into

Ex, 4. Translate paying attention to the Complex Subject.

1. The mandible is known to be the largest bone of the face.

2. The cement is known to be a modified bone.

3. The symphysis is said to be the junction of two rami.

4. The doctor is expected to come at five.

5. The great Russian physiologists Sechenov and Pavlov are known to have established the basic principles of the physiology of the nervous system.

Ex. 5. Translate.

1. Нижняя челюсть является самой большой костью лица.

2. Каждая ветвь нижней челюсти увенчена двумя отростками:
суставным и венечным.

3. Суставной отросток имеет галовку.

4. Нижняя граница является основанием челюсти.

5. Верхняя часть нижней челюсти называется альвеолярной
частью.

Ех 6. Answer the questions and check your answers:

1. Where does the mandible lie?

2. How many processes is each ramus surmounted by?

3. What is the junction of the two halves of the mandibie called?

4. What is the base of the mandible?

5. What parts has the condyloid process?

Lesson 11

MOSCOW

Moscow is the capital of Russia its political, economic, commercial and cultural centre. It was founded 8 centuries ago by PrinceYuri Dolgoruky. Historians have accepted the year of 1147 as the start of Moscow's history. Gradually the city became more and more powerful. In the 13th century Moscow was the centre of the struggle of Russian lands for the liberation from the tartar yoke. In the 16th century under Ivan the Terrible Moscow became the capital of the new united state. Though Peter the Great moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1712. Moscow remained the heart of Russia. That is why it became the main target of Napoleon's attack. Three-quarters of the city was destroyed by fire during Napoleo n's occupation but by the mid-19th century Moscow had been completely restored. After the October revolution Moscow became the capital again.

Now Moscow is one of the largest cities in Europe. Its total area is about nine
hundred square kilometres (ancient Moscow occupied the territory of the present-day
Kremlin). The population of the city is over 12 million, plus some three million guests
coming annually.

Moscow is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. It has more historic associations than any other place in Moscow. On the territory of the Kremlin you can sее old cathedrals, the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great the Palace of Congresses, the Tzar-Cannon and the Tzar-Bell.

There are a lot of beautiful palaces old mansions, cathedrals, churches and monuments in Moscow. This year marks a significant national event for Muscovites and all Russian citizens - the jubilee celebration of Moscow's 850th anniversary. In 1994 the jubilee was approved by Presidential decree. Since then an intensive and widespread programme of restoration has enabled a rebirth for the City of Moscow. The recriation of the magnificent Christ the Saviour Cathedral is in full swing. Red Square's Kazansky Cathedral, Voskresenskv Gate and the Iverskaya Chapel have been restored. The majestic Monument of Victory on Poklonnava Hill has added to the capital's beauty. Across the city, churches, theatres, railway terminals anu monuments of history. Culture and architecture have been renovated in preparation for this sigatificant and historical year.

Moscow is famous for its museums and theatres. There are more than museums in Moscow. The largest museums are the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the State Tretyakov Gallery. The Tretyakov Art Gallery has the richest collection of Russian and Soviet fine arts. Its 50 rooms are hung with pictures of marvelous beauty.

Other unique museums in Moscow include the All-Russian Museum of Folk Arts the Andrei Rublev Museum of Early Russian Art, Alexei Bakhrushin Theatre Museum Mikhail Glinka Museum of Musical Culture and many others.

There are many theatres in Moscow The Bolshoi Theatre enjoys the greates popularity. Grand and majestic building is a masterpiece of Moscow classicism. Its history is part of the history of Russian operatic and ballet art. F.Chaliapin. L.Sobinov. and many other famous singers appeared on its stage. The Bolshoi Ballet has won world fame.

The Maly Theatre is just as famous. It had its first season m 1824. Having gained fame with its productions of plays by Griboyedov, Gogol and Ostrovsky the theatre continues to play an outstanding part in Russian's cultural life. Drama theatres and studios are also very popular

Moscow is the seat of the Russian Parliament (the Duma) and the centre of political life of the country.

Moscow is the city of students. There are over 80 higher educational institutions in it, including several universities.

Vocabulary.

to accept [ək'sept]принимать, допускать

tartar yoke [ta:tə 'jouk ]татарское иго

target [ta:git]мишень, цель, объект

to restore [ris't'ə]реставрировать, восстанавливать

masterpiece [ma:stə pi:s]шедевр

mansion [manʃn] особняк

unique [ju:'ni:k]уникальный, единственный в своем роде

studio студия, театр-студия

grand [grænd]величественный

classicism классицизм

higher educational institution высшее учебное заведение

jubilee ['dʒu:bili:]юбилей

Names.

Ivan the Terrible [aivn ʓ'teibl]Иван Грозный

Napoleon [nə'pouliən] Наполеон

the Tzar-Cannon [za:(tsa:)'kænən] Царь-пушка

the Tzar-Bell [za:(tsa:)'bel] Царь-колокол

Kazan [kə'zæn] Казань

the Christ [kraist] Saviour [seivjə] Cathedral - храм Христа Спасителя

Questions.

1. When was Moscow founder?

2. Who was the founder of Moscow?

3. Is there a monument to Yuri Dolgoroky in Moscow? Where is it?

4. When did Moscow become the capital?

5. In 1712 the capital war moved to St.Petersburg, wasn't it?

6. When did Moscow become the capital again?

7. Was ancient Moscow a big city? What's the total area of modern Moscow?

8. What's the population of Moscow?

9. What places of inters in the centre of Moscow do you know?

10. What can you see on the territory of the Kremlin?

11. What are the most famous Moscow museums?

12. What theatres in Moscow do you know?
What is thus year famous for?

13. What is your favorite place in Moscow?

It was more than 800 year ago that a wooden fortress was built on the bank of the Moskva River on the orders of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. The citadel was not big, occupying less than one-twentieth of the Kremlin's present area. Some twenty years after its construction the Kremlin was destroyed by flames during an attack launched by the Prince of Ryazan. But the Moscovites (Muscovites) rapidly built a new fortress.

In the 13th century Moscow was badly damaged by Tartar-Mongol invaders. In the middle of the 14th century Moscow became the capital of the great principality under Prince Ivan the Third. The period from 1485 to 1495 saw the appearance of Kremlin walls stretching for over two thousand metres and twenty magnificent towers.

Each century has left its trace in the Kremlin. St..Basil's Cathedral was built in the 16th century in memory of the victory over Kazan, It is the masterpiece of ancient Russian architecture. There is a legend that Ivan the Terrible blinded the architects Barma and Postnik, because he didn't want them to create another masterpiece. During the Northern War in the beginning of the 18th century, bastions and moats were built around the Kremlin walls. Forty years later, a palace was erected for Czarina Yelizaveta to the design of Bartolomeo Rastrelli. In 1788 architect M.Kazakov built the magnificent Senate.

The Kremlin is famous for its beautiful cathedrals. The Cathedral of the Assumption is the most outstanding of the Kremlin's oldest structures. It was built by Russian masters under the guidance of Rodolfo Fioravanti. This cathedral was Russian's main church where coronations of Russian czars took place, important governmental acts were announced and solemn ceremonies were performed.

In the 15th century Pskov builders erected the Cathedral of the Annunciation, one of the best Kremlin structures. The cathedral's old frescoes enjoy world fame. They were painted by Russian's outstanding artists Theophanes the Greek, Andrei Rubfcv and Prokhor from Gorodets.

The Archangel Cathedral was built later than all others (1505-1509) This cathedral was the resting place of the Moscow princes and czars (until the time of Peter the Great). Ivan the Terrible and his sons were buried in this cathedral. The oldest interment is the tomb of Prince Ivan Kalita.

The most outstanding of the 16th - 17th century stone structures is the group of belfries dominated by the Ivan the Great Bell Tower. The Bell Tower united into a single whole both the ensemble of Cathedral Square and the entire Kremlin ensemble. Moreover, it was the tallest structure in Moscow.

Red Square, the main square in Moscow and Russia, is spreading at the eastern walls of the Kremlin. It changed its name more than once over the centuries. In the chronicle dated 1434 it is called Market Place. After the devastating fire of 1493 it become known as Fire. In the 16th century it was called Trinity Square and in the 1660s the epithet "red" was conferred on it. In Old Russian "red"meant "handsome", "the best", "the main".

On Red Square there is a remarkable monument of loth century known as St.Basil's Cathedral. In front of the Cathedral is the monument to Minin and Pozharsky. This is the first sculptural monument in Moscow.

The Kremlin is situated in the very heart of the city on an elevated bank of the Moskva River. Its majestic walls and towers, palaces and gold-domed white stone cathedrals attract numerous tourists from our country and abroad and make an unforgettable impression.

Vocabulary.

principality [prinsi'pæliti] княжество legend [ leʤand] легенда

to blind [ blaind] ослепить

bastion [bæstiən]бастион

moat [ məut] ров с водой

solemn [sɔləm] торжественный ceremony [ 'serimə ni] церемония fresco['freskəu]фреска

interment [ in'ta:mə nt] погребение, захоронение

tomb [ tu:m] могила

belfry [ 'belfri] колокольня, башня

ensemble [ a:n'sa:mbl] фр,- ансамбль

Devastating fire [ 'devəstesteitin] разрушительный, опустошающий огонь

Names.

St. Basil's Cathedral [sənt 'bæzlz koθi:drel] собор Василия Блаженного Barma [ bə'ma:] and Postnik [ 'poustnik] Барм а и Постник

the Cathedral of the Assumption Успенский собор

the Cathedral of the Annunciation Благовещенский собор

the Archangel (a:keinʤəl] Cathedral Архангельский собор

Trinity Square ['triniti skweə] Троицкая площадь

Questions.

1. When was the Moscow Kremlin founded?

2. When did Moscow become the capital of the great principality?

3. What do you know about St.Basil's Cathedral?

4. When was the Cathedral of the Annunciation erected?

5. What is the oldest cathedral in the Kremlin?

6. Where is the Kremlin situated?

7. What do you know about Red Square?

8. When was the present name conferred on Red Square?

Lesson 12

Дата добавления: 2017-02-01