The contextual meaning represents only one of the possible variants of the word but it may render a complicated notion or emotion analyzable into several semes

The main meaning is that which possesses the highest frequency at the present stage of the vocabulary development.

To go to school

Educating children educated in a school

Institution for process of being

School

Narrow Extended

Building any place

Prison

Central Peripheric

Jug- vessel jug - prison

The planet the world

Earth

Special General

A sweet sticky substance

Honey sweetness pleasantness

Concrete Abstract

Angle

space b/w lines point of view

Main/primary Secondary

“I hate school

“ Lady Constance, peace! -War! War! no peace! Peace is to me a war” (Sharespeare)

Contextual meanings include nonce usage.

Nonce words are words invented and used for a particular occasion.

FUNCTIONALLY

Conversational Words:

mad	upset	lots of
tell off	funny	dear
fed up	great	give up

Faded Words

nice	nasty	rich	like
good	strange	poor	got
bad	interesting	get

		productive	strong
		prosperous	lush
		copious	bright
	colour	resonant	creamy
	sound	tasty	affluent
RICH…	taste	abundant	ample
	food	luxuriant	warm
	life	fruitful	vivid
	person	delicious	lavish
		opulent	deep
		plentiful	juicy
		wealthy

WORD ORIGIN

I n f o r m a l	Obsolete Words	F o r m a l	Current Words
scyppend desceaft healdend rædend æðeling dēmend	creator creation chief ruler prince judge
Old English Words	Borrowings
Pluck Sweat Guts Clothes Climb Begin Book Pride Lung	Courage Fr. Perspire Fr. Determination (Latin) Attire Fr. Ascend L. Commence Fr. Volume Fr. Hubris Dr. Pulmonary L.

STYLISTIC TYPES OF WORDS

Antrushina:Ginsburg

Stylistically

Colloqual

Common colloquial

marked

Neutral

Slang

Substandard colloqual

Dialect

Vulgar-s

Learned

Poetic

Prof-sms

Slang

Terminological

Jargon -s

Archaic

		Dialect

I.R. Galperin

Neutral	Literary	Non-Literary Familiar Colloqual
	- General	- Low
	- Poetic	- Jargon
-	- Scientific - Learned - Archaic - Neologisms	- Slang - Vulgarisms - Dialectal words

Witness1 “evidence, testimony” – a direct, abstract, primary meaning;

Witness2 “a person with knowledge of an event” – a metonymical, concrete, secondary;

Witness3 “a person who gives evidence in court” – metonymical, concrete, secondary;

Witness4 “a person who puts his signature to adocument” – metonymical, concrete, secondary fr. W3.

The study of means and ways of naming the elements of reality is onomasiology (theory of nomination). Ex.: Ophelia, sweet maid, nymph, kind sister,a rose of May, pretty lady.

Contextual analysis: “It is from linguistic contexts that the meanings of a high proportion of lexical units in active or passive vocabularies are learned” (E. Nida ). ‘Some men have acted courage who had it not; but no man can act wit’ (Halifax) = act ’pretend’

N.N. Amosova:

Context is a combination of the indicator or indicating minimum and the dependant or the word, the meaning of which is to be rendered in a given utterance”

Context:

1. Lexical (black gloves, velvet(colour); but black thoughts, despair(sad); black days, black period(unhappy)

2. Syntactical (I couldn’t make (cause) him understand a word I said)

3. Mixed (after affixed time): to be late for school, but in late summer(the end of the period); the late (recently dead)

Componential analysis:

Describes the meaning of words in terms of a universal inventory of semantic components and their possible combinations.

L. Hjelmslev’s commutation test:

d1 = boy::girl = man::woman = bull::cow (distinctive feature, a semantic component, seme - sex);

d2 = boy::man = girl::woman (age);

d3 = boy::bull = girl: cow (human and animal being)

A man (male (adult ((human being)));

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