Graphic Equivalents of the /r/ Phoneme

/r/ is pronounced when spelt:

r red /red/ — красный

rr merry /'merı/ — веселый

wr write /raıt/ — писать

rh rhythm /'rıðm/ — ритм

/r/ is not pronounced at the end of the word and before a vowel:

star /sta:/ — звезда, door /do:/ — дверь, farm /fa:m/

By analogy this "linking" /r/ intrudes sometimes into the pronuncia­tion of such combinations as:

drama and music, India and Pakistan, law and order, area of agree­ment

The intrusive /r/ should be avoided.

In the American pronunciation /r/ is retroflexed, the tip of the tongue is curled further back behind the back slope of the teeth ridge and the vowels which precede /r/ acquire the /r/ colouring.

/j/

I. sonorant;

II. lingual: medio-lingual, palatal;

III. constrictive, median, unicentral;

IV. oral.

The tongue immediately glides from the position for /j/ to that of the following vowel, this second element of the glide is more prominent than the first, e.g. /jes/.

In the articulation of /j/ the front part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate but not so high as to produce much friction. The tip of the tongue is lowered. The air passes out of the mouth cavity along the central, median part of the tongue, the sides of the tongue are raised.

Care should be taken to avoid much noise and not to make the tongue tense when /j/ is articulated, especially in initial position:

yes, yield, yard, you, youth, yawn, yellow

The Russian /й/ is pronounced with more friction, which is the result of the higher position of the front part of the tongue to the hard palate.

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