Types of Compounding

Compound Word Forming Mechanism

The result of Compounding

COMPOUNDING

General meaning

Prefixes

1. negative: un-, non-, dis-, in-, a-

2. reversative: un-, de-, dis-

3. repetitive: re-

4. spacial (locative): sub-, sur-, trans-, inter-, pre-, ex-, in-

5. temporal: pre-, post-, fore-, ex-

6. quantitative (numerical): uni-, mono-, bi-, tri-, semi-, poli-

7. evaluative: mal-, arch-, mis-, eu-, dys-, dis-

8. accompanying (attendant): con-, anti-, cor-, syn-, pro-

Suffixes

1. personal/non-personal agent: -er, -or, -sky, -ey, -o, -ster, -ist, -ian

2. nationality, inhabitant of, member of community: -o, -an, -er

3. feminine: -ess, -stress, -ette

4. diminutive (size): -ie, -y, -eme, -ling, -ette, -let, -ock, -le

5. action, activity (abstract): -al, -fication, -ance, -y, -ment, -ion, -ism

6. collectivity: -ry, -age

7. state, condition, quality: -dom, -ty, -ness, -hood, -ship, -ity

8. scientific thought, political movement, attitude: -ism, -ocracy

9. material, substance: -on, -ite, -en

10. amount, quantity: -age, -ful, -teen, -th

11. attitude (affection, humour, familiarity, pejoration,): -ers, -arooney, -ie, -y, -oo, -ard, -ess, -ling

12. direction: -ward, -erly, -ling

13. quality: -ish

Compound is a wordconsisting of two or more stems (or free or bound morphemes).

E.g., user-friendly, scarecrow, in-law, forget-me-not, weekend

Compounding(Composition): the process of forming compoundwords by joining at least two stems together.

E.g., self-made, seasick, grey-green, wall-flower, whenever

1) a compoundword: freeze-dry

2) a rootword: handicap, twofer, whodunit, helluva

1) compounding duty + free = duty-free

2) conversion fr. compounds: to blueprint

fr. phrases: a cutthroat, show-me,

to six-pack, drive-by

3) back-formation to babysit fr. babysitting or babysitter

4) loantranslation to brainwash fr. Chinese hsi nao “wash brain”

5) folk etymology go-down n. (in India and Eastern Asia) a warehouse [fr. Malay gĕdong or gudong warehouse]

cat-soup (var. of ketchup or

catchup)

Compounds are

1. Closed (written as one word) outline

2. Open (written as separate words) mountain range

3. Hyphenated (written with hyphens) how-to, two-step

Pseudocompounds are words having the same form as compounds proper (hyphenated or closed, forestressed, semantically united), but whose constituents, however, are non-existent in the English language. Pseudo-compounds are found among phonetic (true) borrowings.

E.g., sang-froid (fr. French)

donnybrook (fr. Donnybrook in Ireland)

Compound Derivative (derivational compound) is a wordcomprising an affix

(prefixor suffix) that refers to the combination as a whole, not to one of its elements.

E.g., a (red-jacket)ed Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (Updike)

(elder-brother)ly way … (Wodehouse)

(bloodthirsti)ness, (lost-soul)ish, mis(understand),

un(wifelike), (up-to-date)ness

1. stemjuxtaposition top-notch, my-all

2. with a linking element

a) vowel artifact, drunkometer

b) consonant spokesperson

c) preposition four-by-four, hand-to-hand, free-for-all

d) conjunction so-and-so, do-or-die, inasmuch

3. lexicalization of phrases killmequick, know-it-all

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