Text-based exercises. Exercise III. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text:

Exercise III. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text:

1. What main activities does foreign trade comprise?

2. How are all commercial activities divided?

3. What basic types of contract do you know?

4. What auxiliary types of contract can you name? Can you describe them?

5. Who is entitled to sign the contract?

6. What contracts are the most frequent in international trade?

7. What are the clauses of a Standard Contract?

8. When is it necessary to work out an individual contract? Give examples.

Exercise IV. Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

Діяльність, покупець, комерційна діяльність, товарообмін, сурове дотримання, мито, агентська угода, постачальники, рекламні агенції, досягнути мети, допоміжний, правильно підписаний документ, фіксований, умови, угода, введення в експлуатацію, бартер, компенсаційна угода.

Exercise V. Study more synonyms to the verbs from the text:

Purchase - buy, acquire, come by, gain, get, invest in, obtain, pay for, pick up.

Ensure - assure, cover, guarantee, indemnify, underwrite, warrant.

Exercise VI. Match the verbs on the left with their less formal equivalents on the right:

Require	buy
Purchase	affect
Estimate	think about
Hire	need
Influence	give information
Consider (consideration)	list
Itemize	begin
Detail	rent
Commence	guess the value of

Exercise VII. Supply the prepositions where necessary:

1. The presses have been tested … the Sellers’ works … the presence … the Buyers’ representatives.

2. … the circumstances it is especially important that you notify us … receipt … the documents.

3. State the earliest date … which you can guarantee dispatch.

4. Your order is ready … dispatch.

5. The Seller undertakes to sell … the basis of delivery FOB London the complete equipment, technology and technical documentation … the plant.

6. 10% advance payment … the total Contact value shall be made … 30 days … the effective date … the Contract.

7. The delivery … the equipment … the present Contract shall begin … 8 month.

8. The Seller is to notify the Buyer … the readiness … the equipment … inspection not later than 15 days.

	Grammar: Grammar Agreement Between Subjects and Verbs
Noun and pronouns have number. They are either singular or plural. Verbs also have number. Subjects and Verbs must agree in number. Third-person singular verb forms in the present tense change to snow number. The third-person singular form adds an-s, or-es. Forms of the verb be also change to show number.

Exercise VIII. Underline the present tense verb in the parentheses that agrees with the subject in each sentence. Then label the verb as singular or plural:

1. We (are, is) discussing this point.

2. The agency firm (charge, charges) 6% commission.

3. All publicity expenses (was, were) charged to the agents’ account.

4. This proposition (does not meet, do not meet) with their approval.

5. There (is, are) some types of goods which do not need advertising.

Grammar: The Complex Subject (Subjective Infinitive Construction)

Read the sentences: 1. He is said to be fond of traveling. – Кажуть, що він любить подорожувати. 2. English people are not known to be talkative. – Відомо, що англійці небалакучі. 3. The customs officer was seen to be looking through your passport. – Бачили, як митник перевіряв ваш паспорт.

Note (EN):

The Subjective Infinitive Construction (Complex Subject) consists of a nominal element – a noun in the Common case or a pronoun in the Nominative case, and a verbal element – an Infinitive which denotes a state or an action performed by the nominal element. The first part of the Construction (the nominal one) forms the subject of the sentence and the Infinitive makes part of a compound verbal predicate of double orientation.

Note (uk):

Після дієслів to see, to hear, to expect, to know, to suppose, to believe, to say, to report, to appear, to prove, to happenта інших застосовується конструкція Complex Subject, “складний підмет”, в яку входить іменник чи займенник, дієслово(присудок) у пасивному стані та інфінітив, що виражає дію, яку виконує або якої зазнає особа або предмет, позначений іменником або займенником.

Exercise IX. Transform the sentences using the Subjective Infinitive Complex instead of the Objective Infinitive Complex:

M o d e l: I expect the telegram to be sent tomorrow.

The telegram is expected to be sent tomorrow.

1. I expect him to come.

2. I expect the goods to be loaded at once.

3. The customs officer allowed the goods to be discharged.

4. We expect the contract to be signed.

5. She saw him enter the house

6. We know her to be a talented actress.

7. Everybody considered him to be a great scientist.

Note (uk):

Цей комплекс вживається зі словосполученнями - to be sure, to be certain, to be likely, to be unlikely The goods are unlikely to arrive at the end of the week. - Товар, напевно, не приїде у кінці неділі.

Exercise X. Translate into Ukrainian the following sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Construction:

1. The contract is likely to be signed tomorrow.

2. The agreement between our companies is sure to be concluded today either verbally or in writing.

3. The fight for export market between these countries is certain to grow grimmer and grimmer.

4.The vessel isn’t likely to arrive at the port of destination before the 1st of October.

5. They are sure to come to the conference.

Grammar: Participle Construction

1. The financing organization - фінансова організація 2. The man examining the goods is a competent engineer – Людина, яка прoдивляється товар – це досвідчений інженер. 3. (When) Reading English books I write out new words. - Коли я читаю англійські книжки, я виписую нові слова. Participle I Active – ставиться перед іменником чи після нього. У ролі обставини може вживатися із сполучником when, while. Перекладається на українську мову не тільки дієприкметником, а також і дієприслівником.

Exercise XІ. Replace the clauses in bold type by participial constructions:

1. When we were signing the contract we stressed the importance of using this particular material.

2. They organized the exhibition and invited many businessmen from all over the world.

3. When we were negotiating the conditions of purchase we informed the Sellers that we needed the goods urgently.

4. They wrote a reply and accepted the invitation to participate in the exhibition.

5. He was standing at the entrance and reading the advertisement.

6. They opened a new research centre and named it after a famous doctor.

7. When we were looking at the displays we saw some beautiful handicrafts.

Grammar: The Objective Participle Construction

Model: The boy is singing a folk song. I heard it. I heard the boy singing a folk song. Об’єктивний дієприкметниковий зворот (комплекс)складається з двох частин. Перша частина – іменник у загальному відмінку або особовий займенник в об’єктивному відмінку. Друга частина – дієприкметник – Participle I чи Participle II та стоїть після слів to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, etc., а також із словами бажання.

Exercise XІІ. Combine the given two sentences into one using the Objective Participle Complex:

1. The children were swimming in the river. We watched it.

2. The man was trying to unlock the door I noticed it.

3. My friend was repairing her car/ I observed it.

4. The girl was crossing the street/ I saw her/

5. The window was broken/ I saw it.

Exercise XІІІ. Study some English proverbs and explain them:

1. To buy a pig in a poke.

2. First come, first served.

3. One always learns at his own expense.

4. Penny wise, pound foolish.

5. Cut your coat according to your cloth.

Supplementary Information. Contract

Here is a part of a specimen contract:

Contract No 32-1 Kiev September 4^th, 2009 Foreign trade company Chemico, Kiev, hereinafter referred to as the Sellers, on the one part, and Messrs. Petro Co., Liverpool, England, hereinafter referred to as the Buyers, on the other part, have concluded the present Contract to the following effect: The Sellers have sold and the Buyers have bought on C I F terms 10 000 kgs. of Chemicals ST to be delivered in the fourth quarter of 2009. Partial shipments are allowed. The quality of the Chemicals is to be confirmed by certificate issued by a competent independent and recognized laboratory. The Chemicals are to be packed in plastic bags. The price is 175 English pounds sterling per kilo C I F Liverpool. The total value of the Contract is GBP 1750,000 (one million seven hundred and fifty thousand English pounds sterling). The date of the bill of lading issued in the name of the Buyers is to be considered the date of delivery. Payment for the Chemicals delivered under the present Contract is to be made by a letter of credit on the presentation of the following documents: 1. Seller’s Commercial Invoice 2. Full set of clean on board Bills of Lading. 3. Quality Certificate issued by the laboratory. 4. Weight Certificate issued by the recognized company. 5. Certificate of Origin issued by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry. 6. Insurance Policy issued by the State Insurance company. 7. Payment is to be made through the National Bank, Liverpool.

Exercise XIV. Translate into Ukrainian the terms of payment stipulated by the contract:

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