Text-based exercises. Every contract contains a clause defining transport conditions

Carriage of Goods

Every contract contains a clause defining transport conditions. The clause specifies terms of delivery (CIF, FOB, FAS, C&F, ex works, ex ship’s hold and others), mode of shipment (by sea, rail, road, air or pipeline) and responsibilities of each party. Sometimes transshipment or intermodal shipment is practiced.

Transport by sea is essential to many contracts. As a rule, a few parties are involved: shipper, (usually a manufacturer who sends goods), ship-owner, forwarder (an agent specializing in the transport of goods), stevedore (a firm employed in loading and unloading vessels), port authorities, consignee and others.

Freight services are provided by liners and tramp ships. Liners provide services over definite routes, operate in accordance with schedules and call at regular ports. Tramp vessels go anywhere as long as cargo is offered in sufficient quantity. Shipments by tramp vessels are governed by an agreement between the carrier and the charterer called a “ charter party ”.

Either shipper or consignee, depending on the terms of the contract, pays freight, loading, discharging and other expenses, if any.

Exercise III. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text:

1. What are the responsibilities of the Seller and the Buyer when the goods are sold on a СIF (FOB, C&F, ex words) basis?

2. Why do shippers often use the services of forwarders?

3. What is transshipment?

4. How many parties are involved in the carriage of goods?

5. What are the most frequently used terms of delivery in international trade?

Exercise IV. Match the English equivalents and the following Ukrainian word combination:

Нести втрати Залізниця Порт призначення Торгівельний корабель Завантажувати на корабель Розвантажувати товар Безкоштовно Порт заходу Визначене призначення

Port of destination Bear expenses Railway (railroad) Load on a vessel Free of charge Unload the goods Merchant vessel Specified destination Port of call

Exercise V. Study more synonyms to the verbs from the text:

Deliver – bring, carry, convey, distribute, transport, bear, cart.

Produce – compose, create, develop, invent, make, turn out, originate.

Exercise VI. Supply the articles where necessary and translate the sentences:

1. … ship has completed discharge.

2. The goods will be sent by … first ship available.

3. We have received … May payment.

4. One of … two cases did not turn up upon discharge of … ship.

5. We have booked space on … ship “Baltic Star”.

6. Both … ships have self-discharging facilities.

Exercise VII. Supply the correct forms of the verbs and translate:

1. The price only (include) delivery charges to a point alongside a named ship.

2. They (to carry) a lot of cargo over the North Atlantic that year.

3. A few days ago the vessel (to sail) for Hull.

4. The cable said the ship (to sail) for Rotterdam, the first port of call.

5. When the goods arrived at the port the ship already (to sail). So the goods were stored until the next ship (to pick) them up.

Exercise VIII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the passive constructions:

1. The detailed training programme is to be presented by the Seller to the Buyer within 6 days from the effective date of the Contract.

2. Cranes are used for lifting heavy weights.

3. The steamer was unloaded when we arrived at the port.

4. Goods are being examined now at customs house.

5. The late arrival of the steamer is accounted for by a storm on the sea.

6. The goods could not be disposed of in a short time.

Exercise IX. Find the sentences in which -ed is a part of passive construction:

1. The exporters informed the Buyers that they were making arrangements for the shipment of the goods by the s.s. “Ukraine”.

2. The representative of the company said that the cargo of wheat was intended for the manufacture of a special grade of flour.

3. The agency firm charged 60% commission.

4. It was noted that some bags were opened and torn.

Exercise X. Change the following sentences using passive constructions:

1. We write business letters on special forms.

2. The high standard of work at that plant impressed our Buyers.

3. We shall thoroughly analyze this process.

4. We haven’t received the documents relevant to the order.

5. The bank credited the deposit to its account.

	Grammar: Study the Participial Construction
1. sold goods – проданий товар 2. Contract fulfilled by the firm long ago – контракт виконаний фірмою вже давно 3. Some of the holidays celebrated throughout the USA originated in Europe – Деякі свята, які відзначаються в Америці, походять з Європи.

Note (uk):

Participle II - має лише одну форму і є пасивним дієприкметником; він може ставитися перед означуваним іменником чи після нього. Вживається в функції означення та в функції обставин (часу, причини, способу дії і порівняння) із сполучниками when, іf, as іf, though, etc.

Exercise XI. Insert the correct form of Participle II and translate into Ukraine:

1. We were pleased to receive from you the enquiries (to mention) above.

2. The tournament (to held) in Kyiv was sponsored by the Sport Committee.

3. (to frighten) by the dog, the girl began to cry.

4. When (to cross) the bridge, he saw a small village.

5. Payment will be made in London against the telegram (to sign) by the captain of the vessel stating the quality (to load).

6. They will provide the parts at the price (to quote) in their latest offer.

	Grammar: The Absolute Participle Construction
Read the sentences.   1. When Peter came home from London we asked him to tell us about it. 2. Peter coming home from London, we asked him to tell us about it.

Note (uk):

В англійській мові можлива заміна обставинного підрядного речення незалежним дієприкметниковим комплексом, коли в головному і підрядному реченнях є різні підмети. Він складається з іменника у загальному відмінку (або особливого займенника у називному відмінку) і дієприкметника. Можуть вживатися всі форми participle.

Exercise XII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction. Use the words «після того як», «оскільки», «якщо», «коли», «причому», «до того ж», «та», «але» according to the context:

1. The negotiations between the Ukrainian and British representatives were concluded behind closed doors, measures having been taken that no correspondent should receive any information.

2. The key having been lost, they could not enter the house.

3. We are not giving you any particulars, the enclosed letter containing the necessary information.

4. The contract quantity was 5000 tons, the seller having an option to deliver 2% more or less.

5. Peter being away, Ann had to do his work.

6. It being very cold, we made a fire.

Exercise XIII. a) Complete and translate:

Dis + advantage = disadvantage.

1. approval –

2. comfort –

3. ability –

4. order –

5. satisfaction –

6. agreement –

b) Complete the sentences:

1. These propositions did not meet with their approval. Their ……….. came to us as a surprise.

2. You have to follow these rules no matter what you think of them. Your likes and ……….. are of no importance.

3. She doesn’t feel comfortable with John. John’s presence caused her considerable …………...

4. An agreement was not reached between management and employees. ………….. arose about how to plan the work.

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