Практикум по лексикологии современного английского языка

Раздел I. Этимология

Упражнение 1. Установите, к какой группе (общеиндоевропейской или общегерманской) относятся следующие исконно английские лексические единицы. Докажите это подбором соответствий в родственных языках.

Father, head, sun, home, fish, dead, to work, to hear, sad, book, busy, full, forget, free, little.

Упражнение 2. Определите, каким способом заимствованы следующие слова и словосочетания.

One-sided, self-criticism, swan-song, wonder child, the Knight of the Rueful Countenance, the fifth column, war to the knife, dream, camouflage, measure, blue blood, one’s second half, chain-smoker, world-famous.

Упражнение 3. Классифицируйте лексику по степени ассимиляции.

A là carte, millionaire, elite, intrigue, reservoir, hypocrisy, paragraph, triumph, syntax, score, bag, box, bog, hidalgo, schnaps, bona fide, curriculum vitae, pro rata, per capita, nice, pen, port.

Упражнение 4. Укажите, в какой период были заимствованы следующие латинские слова.

Wall, cheese, intelligent, candle, major, moderate, priest, school, street, cherry, music, nun, kitchen, plum, pear, pepper, datum, cup, status, permanent, method.

Упражнение 5. Установите этимологию следующих заимствованных слов.

Crowd, butter, plant, club, call, happen, skill, ugly, power, suit, peace, artel, waltz, pound, junta, yacht, tomato, money, mafia, casino, giraffe, brave.

Упражнение 6. Подберите этимологические дублеты к указанным словам, определите этимологию и семантические различия.

To rear, whole, to blame, secure, quiet, through, rout, to capture, fanatic, courtesy, to relax, plate, memory, senior, shadow.

Упражнение 7. Определите этимологическую структуру следующих слов-гибридов.

Brown-skinned, bachelorhood, egg-head, unrememberable, adventurer, ill-advised, tea break, loveable, lifestyle, motorcycle.

Упражнение 8. Определите этимологию следующих интернациональных слов.

Robot, status, virus, figure, terror, style, nostalgia, policy, problem, prize, shock, golf, lunch, jazz, kimono, brandy, jungle, taboo, sofa, hamburger.

Раздел II. Словообразование

Упражнение 1. Определите тип морфологической структуры слова.

Sheepishly, red-carpeted, machine-gunner, shame-facedly, unscrupulousness, green-eyed, empty-hearted, lord, chairperson, thankful, cat-like, dress-conscious, football-mad, high-priced, car, day-dreamer, dare-devil, dash, grain, out-of-towner.

Упражнение 2. Установите первоначальную морфологическую структуру слова.

Forehead,barn, daisy, elbow, breakfast, window, neighbour, England, sheriff, Friday.

Упражнение 3. Выделите аффиксы в следующих словах и дайте их полные характеристики.

( His way) homeward, malnutrition, neo-classical, apolitical, hypersensitive, misogynist (hates women), kitchenette, darkish, examinee, failure, coincidence, removal, usage, satisfaction, youngster.

Упражнение 4. Классифицируйте следующие сложные слова по степени мотивированности.

Cake-eater, cradle-snatching, gate-crasher, horseshoe-shaped, death-bed, learner-driver, greenhouse, a wet blanket, wristwatch, life-tired, handbag, bedlamp, a killjoy, a chatterbox, thick-skinned, eye-catching, sky-blue, man-eater, wall-flower, busy-body, golden boy, a tomboy, motor-mouth, lady-killer, starry-eyed.

Упражнение 5. Классифицируйте следующие сложные слова согласно существующим классификациям.

Lily-of-the-valley, nightclub, green-and-white, a kitchen-bathroom, a brainwave, townspeople, music-room, waste-basket, bitter-sweet, happy-sad, four-door, free-spending, bad-tempered, hand-operated, strange-sounding.

Упражнение 6. В следующих примерах одно из выделенных слов было образовано по конверсии, определите направление производности и тип семантических отношений в данных конверсионных парах.

1. a) An aggressive man battled his way to Stout’s side.

b) He was killed in battle.

2. a) He is a tidy person.

b) What are you doing here? – I’m tidying your room.

3. a) Ten minutes later I was speeding along in the direction of Cape Town. b) The train pulled out of the station and began to pick up speed.

4. a) It’s very dry. We must water the garden.

b) The prisoner was given only bread and water.

5. a) Lizzie is a good cook.

6. b) She cooks meals for the family.

7. a) You’ve got a funny nose.

b) He began to nose about. He pulled out drawer after drawer, pottering round like an old bloodhound.

8. a) The desk clerk handed me the key.

b) He took my hand.

9. Use small nails and nail the picture on the wall.

10. a) The man has a dog.

b) ‘I have begun to feel absolutely haunted. This woman dogs me.’

11. a) The next night I took him along to supper with me.

b) I was present at a rather cheery little supper.

12. a) A small hairy object sprang from a basket and stood yapping in the middle of the room.

b) There are advantages about rooming with Julia.

13. a) Mr Biffen rang up on the telephone while you were in your bath.

b) Corky is out telephoning.

14. a) The wolf was suspicious and afraid.

b) He wolfed his meal down.

15. a) The baby is sleeping.

b) Don’t baby him.

Упражнение 7. Определите способ образования следующих сокращений, приведите полное слово или словосочетание.

Hon, caddy, van, usu, Brum, e-mail, beaut, VIP, OPEC, HQ, GP, BST, RAF, TLC, veggie, Laser, A. OK, brill, fave, glam, MEP, posh, lb, st, in, ft, yd, Con., Lab., Lib. Dem., MA, IQ, st, rd, Ave, aka.

Упражнение 8. Прокомментируйте образование следующих телескопных слов.

Vegeburger, fantabulous, camcorder, shopaholic, ginormous, guesstimate, Amex, Eurovision, fanzine, ecotastrophe, scific.

Упражнение 9. Определите способ словообразования.

To jingle, to vacuum-clean, to clap, to low, to whine, to whinny, to quack, to house-keep, to record – record, to sing-song, to progress – progress, to permit – permit, to suspect – suspect, culture-vulture, higgledy-piggledy, pell-mell, roly-poly, silly-billy, mumbo-jumbo, willy-nilly, super-dooper (job), a boo-boo.

Раздел III. Семасиология

Упражнение 1. Проанализируйте структуру лексического значения следующих слов, определите денотативный и коннотативный компонент значения.

Polite – civil, to shake – to tremble, to choose – to select, money – cash, to conceal – to disguise, photograph – picture, odd – queer, to draw – to paint, skilled – proficient.

Упражнение 2. Определите тип мотивированности слова, укажите случаи немотивированных единиц.

To grumble,to sizzle,to sprinkle, a brute, absent-mindedness, speechless, open-mouthed, ruler-owner, knee-deep, small (not large → insignificant, unimportant), mind-blowing (amazing), cool (fashionable), virus, item, mouse.

Упражнение 3. Определите тип семантического переноса и объясните его.

Watt, volt, guillotine, bedlam, suede, muslin, tweed, a teddy bear, to talk froggy, colour-blind, jersey, derrick, ohm, bookworm, green years, wandering thought, mouth of a cave, a sour smile, china, raglan, jeans, ampere, the tongue of a bell, the eye of a needle, the mouth of a box, the head of the line.

Упражнение 4. Установите, каким образом шло развитие и изменение значения следующих слов.

Nice, room,pipe, heaven, lady, fowl, meat, marshal, glad, queen, teach, fellow, husband, knave, barn, bribery, boor, chap, churl, angel, knight, thing.

Упражнение 5. Приведите эвфемизмы для следующих слов. Скажите, с какой целью употребляются эвфемизмы.

To die, drunk, prison, mad, liar, devil, lavatory, god, eat, pregnant, stupid.

Упражнение 6. Выделите из следующих словосочетаний те, в которых реализуется один и тот же ЛСВ многозначного слова. Объясните различные значения и употребления.

smart, adj

smart clothes, a smart answer, a smart house, a smart garden, a smart repartee, a smart officer, a smart blow, a smart punishment, a smart restaurant, a smart nightclub

stubborn, adj

a stubborn child, a stubborn look, a stubborn horse, stubborn resistance, a stubborn fighting, a stubborn cough, stubborn depression

root, n

edible roots, the root of the tooth, the root of the matter, the root of all evil, square root, cube root

perform, v

to perform one’s duties, to perform an operation, to perform a dance, to perform a play

Упражнение 7. Проиллюстрируйте семантическую структуру следующих полисемантичных слов.

Face, n; lose, v; green, adj; sail, n.

Упражнение 8. Приведите омонимы для следующих слов, классифицируйте омонимы согласно существующим классификациям.

Seal, sum, sight, hare, bill, pupil, can, fit, like, bathed, lead, wound, sought, there, aloud.

Упражнение 9. Определите источники возникновения следующих омонимов.

Flower – flour; spring – to spring; capital (adj) – capital (n); love – to love; to write – rite – right; flu – flew; fare – fair; back – to back; piece – peace; box (1) – box (2); chest (1) – chest (2); pale – pail; wait – weight; case (1) – case (2); board – board.

Упражнение 10. Определите, являются ли выделенные слова омонимами или полисемантичными словами. Проанализируйте, какими критериями разграничения многозначности и полисемии вы руководствовались.

1) 26 letters of the ABC; to receive letters regularly;

2) no mean scholar; to mean something;

3) to propose a toast; an understood toast;

4) a hand of the clock; to hold a pen in one’s hand;

5) to be six foot long; at the foot of the mountain;

6) the capital of a country; to have a big capital (money);

7) to date back to year 1870; to have a date with somebody;

8) to be engaged to Mr. N.; to be engaged in conversation;

9) to make a fire; to sit at the fire (place);

10) to peel the bark of the branch; to bark loudly at the stranger.

Упражнение 11. Определите тип синонимов.

Soldier – warrior; money – dosh – dough; courage – bottle; irritate – bug; appeal to – grab; to dismiss – to sack; to extinguish – to put out (the fire); weak – feeble – frail – fragile; to jump – to leap – to spring – to skip – to hop; ache – pain – pang – twinge; to shout – to yell – to roar; angry – furious – enraged; pleasure – delight – joy – delectation – enjoyment; passionate – ardent – fervent – fervid – perfervid – impassioned; to hate – to loathe – to detest – to abominate – to abhor.

Упражнение 12. Определите доминанту в следующих синонимических рядах. Объясните свой выбор.

1) to glimmer – to glisten – to blaze –to shine – to sparkle – to flash – to gleam;

2) to astound – to surprise – to amaze – to puzzle – to astonish;

3) to cry – to weep – to sob;

4) to praise – to commend – to laud – to glorify;

5) scent – perfume – smell – odour – aroma;

6) to fabricate – to manufacture – to produce – to create – to make.

Упражнение 13. Определите источники синонимии.

Fear – terror – horror; to die – to pass away; gift – present; work – job – employment – occupation; nil – zero; veterinarian – vet; charm – glamour; info – information; effectivity – effectiveness; mad – unbalanced; legless (coll) – drunk; lorry – truck; want – wish – desire – crave – covet; to stop – to cease – to quit – to discontinue – to desist; glad – joyful – joyous – happy – cheerful – light-hearted.

Упражнение 14. Объясните, почему следующие слова являются частичными синонимами. Установите значения, в которых они совпадают.

Tongue – language, dear – expensive, border – frontier, ripe – mature, infectious – catching, labyrinth – trap, object – objective, dumb – mute, survive – outlive, mean – stingy.

Упражнение 15. Подберите антонимы к следующим словам. Определите их типы.

Weak, high, to lose, to weep, honest, smart, ugly, logical, to agree, quiet, harmful, to use, romantic, to lock, tactful.

Раздел IV. Фразеология

Упражнение 1. Установите, какие из приведенных словосочетаний являются свободными сочетаниями, и какие - фразеологическими единицами.

A new mop, a new broom, red herring, smoked herring, to call smb names, to call smb by the first name, to have the face to do smth, to have an attractive face, to have no stomach for smth, to have a stomachache, to suit one’s book, to suit one’s image.

Упражнение 2. Классифицируйте следующие фразеологические единицы согласно существующим классификациям (классификации В.В. Виноградова, А.И. Смирницкого, Н.Н. Амосовой, А.В. Кунина).

To follow one’s instructions to the letter, to throw light on the matter, to be a fish out of water, oh, my eye, damn your eyes, to be given a sack, palm grease, to knock smb down with a feather, a dead heat, to have a bee in one’s bonnet, to be wounded to the quick, to keep a stiff upper lip, a light sleeper, to fall ill, to go bad, a bosom friend, to play gooseberry, naked room, to keep minute.

Упражнение 3. Установите значение следующих фразеологизмов, объясните их происхождение.

Blow one’s own trumpet, dance attendance on smb, win the wooden spoon, the massacre of the innocents, thirty pieces of silver, Hercules’ labour, to wash one’s hands of smth, baker’s dozen, to bury the hatchet, under the aegis of smth, to eat one’s words, to gild the pill (sugar, sugarcoat or sweeten), to come at the eleventh hour, castles in the air (in Spain), to have a skeleton in the closet, lion’s share, What will Mrs. Grundy say?, to grin like a Cheshire cat.

Упражнение 4. Объясните суть приема, использованного авторами в приведенных ниже фрагментах. Назовите исходные фразеологические единицы.

1) Castles in the air are all right until we try to move into them. (John O’Hara).

2) In my country you let sleeping dogs lie, but when they wake up and bite, you shoot them. (I. Fleming)

3) The trouble with blackmailers is that while they make their living out of skeletons which are in other people’s closets, they necessarily have to have a whole closetful of their own skeletons (E.S. Gardner).

4) Doctor: This is a very sad case. I must regret to tell you that your wife’s mind is gone – completely gone. Husband: I am not at all surprised. She’s been giving me a piece of it for fifteen years.

5) Women take to good-hearted men. Also from.

6) Guide: There is a leopard coming! Shoot him on the spot! Quick!

Tourist: Which spot? Be specific, man.

7) A committee is a body that keeps minutes but wastes hours.

8) A man in the house is worth two in the street. (Mae West)

9) Dick got up to Zurich on less Achilles’ heels than would be necessary to equip a centipede. (F. Scott Fitzgerald)

10) ‘You’re the solid one, you do the work. It’s a case of hare and tortoise – and in my opinion the hare’s race is almost done.’ (F. Scott Fitzgerald)

Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие пословицы и приведите соответствующий эквивалент в русском языке.

One swallow doesn’t make a summer.

You can lead a horse to water but you can’t make it drink.

Never look a gift horse in the mouth.

Never judge a book by its colour.

People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.

Many hands make light work.

When the cat is away, the mice will play.

Let sleeping dogs lie.

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