Exercises to the lead-in section and the text (pp.70-71)

Study the definitions of the words with similar meanings and think about their proper Russian equivalents. In the sentences given after each vocabulary item fill in the gaps choosing an appropriate word in the correct form.

ПОСЛЕДНЕЕ ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ

Теперь вы можете наслаждаться жизнью, будучи счастливым некурящим. Чтобы быть уверенным в успехе, вам нужно следовать простым указаниям:

1. Держите эту книгу под рукой. Не теряйте ее, не отдавайте ни на время, ни навсегда.

2. Если когда‑нибудь вы начнете завидовать другому курильщику, вспомните, что ему предстоит завидовать вам. Страдает он, а не вы.

3. Помните, что вам не нравилось быть курильщиком, поэтому вы и бросили курить. Теперь вы наслаждаетесь тем, что стали некурящим.

4. Помните, что понятия «всего одна сигаретка» — не существует.

5. Ни при каких обстоятельствах не подвергайте сомнению свое решение никогда не курить. Вы знаете, что это правильное решение.

6. Если вы столкнетесь с какими‑либо трудностями, обратитесь в ближайшую клинику Аллена Карра.

[1]Классический пример схоластического рассуждения: что первично — яйцо или курица?

[2]АSН — Асtiоn оn Smоking апd Неаlth — единственная общественная организация, предпринимающая законодательные и другие действия по борьбе с курением и защите прав некурящих.

[3]QUIT — благотворительная организация Великобритании, ставящая своей целью помочь курильщикам бросить курить.

[4]Свенгали — зловещий гипнотизер, герой романа «Трильби» Джорджа Дю Мюрье.

[5]FOREST— организация, созданная в 1979 г. для защиты прав взрослых, употребляющих табак. Цель организации — борьба с растущей в некоторых сферах жизни общества нетерпимостью к курящим и ужесточению запретов на курение.

[6]Каждый курильщик может легко совершить подобный подсчет, исходя из реалий своей жизни.

[7] Вudget dау — День представления бюджета в английском Парламенте.

[8]Сэр Уолтер Ролли (1552‑1618) — английский морской офицер, который привез первый табак в Англию.

[9]Слова «преследование» (chase) и «целомудрие» (chaste) в английском языке отличаются лишь одной буквой.

[10]Багги — небольшой открытый двухместный автомобиль, используемый для передвижения по полю для гольфа.

[11]Роджер Баннистер (р. 1929) — английский врач и бегун, первым пробежал милю (1.6 км) менее чем за четыре минуты.

[12]Ричард Бартон (19251984) — знаменитый английский актер. Вел довольно бурную жизнь, был пять раз женат, лечился от алкоголизма, очень много курил. Умер от кровоизлияния в мозг, что на Западе, как правило, считается следствием курения.

1. Disease / illness / disorder / ailment / sickness disease - [n,]

1) [] an illness that affects people or animals, especially one that is caused by infection; a heart i liver / kidney, etc. Disease; an infectious / contagious disease; a disease of (a disease of the nervous system); to suffer from a disease; to cause a disease; to catch / to get / to pick up a disease; to carry / to pass on / to spread / to transmit a disease

He suffers from a rare blood disease.

It is not known what causes the disease.

2) [C] (formal) something that is very wrong with people's attitudes, way of life or with society

Greed is a disease of modern society.

illness - [n, C/U]

1) [U] the state of feeling ill or having a disease

He missed five days of school because of illness.

2) [C] a particular disease or a period of being ill; minor / serious Illnesses

She has had no serious illnesses, and has never been in hospital

ill [adj]

(not usually before noun!) suffering from an illness or disease; not feeling well; to be ill; to feel ill; to be taken ill / to fall ill

We both started to feel ill shortly after the meal.

Disorder - [n, C/U]

an illness that causes a part of the body to stop functioning correctly; a blood / bowel, etc. disorder; eating disorders (such as anorexia [ˌæn(ə)'reksɪə] or bulimia [bjuː'lɪmɪə] in which someone tries to control their

weight in a way that makes them ill); a mental / psychiatric / psychological disorder

He was suffering from some form of a psychiatric disorder.

Note: disease, illness or disorder?

Disease is used to talk about more severe physical medical problems, especially those that affect the organs. Illness is used to talk about both more severe and more minor medical problems, and those that affect mental health. Disease is not used about a period of illness. A disorder is generally not infectious. Disorder occurs most frequently with words relating to mental problems, for example psychiatric, personality, mental and eating. When it is used to talk about physical problems, it most often occurs with blood, bowel and kidney, and these are commonly serious, severe or rare.

an ailment - [n, C]

an illness that is not very serious; childhood / common i minor ailments

Whatever ailment Steve suffered from was gone by the next morning.

Sickness - [n, C/U]

1) [U] illness; bad health

She's been off work because of sickness.

2) [U/C, usually sing.] A particular type of illness or disease; altitude i travel i radiation, etc. sickness

The climbers suffered badly from altitude sickness.

3) [U] (especially) the feeling that you are likely to vomit (bring food back up from the stomach to the mouth); Synonym: nausea

The sickness passed off after a while.

sick - [adj]

1) physically or mentally ill; a sick child; to be off sick (to be away from work because of illness); to call in sick (to telephone to say that the person who is calling will not be coming to work because of illness); to get sick (to become ill); to be on sick leave

He stayed at home looking after his sick wife.

2) [not usually before noun] (especially BrE) feeling that you want to vomit (to bring food from your stomach back out through your mouth)

If you eat any more cake, you'll make yourself sick.

3) -sick (in compounds) feeling sick as a result of travelling on a ship, plane, etc.; seasick i airsick i carsick i travel-sick

The voyage turned into a nightmare because he was seasick.

Note: illness or sickness?

Sickness is used most often in contexts concerning work and insurance. It is commonly found with words such as pay, leave, absence and insurance.

Illness has a wider range of uses and is found in more general contexts.

Disease / illness / disorder / ailment / sickness

1.He died after a long __________.

2.He had treated her for a mental __________.

3.I recommend you get insurance against __________ and unemployment.

4.Nowadays a lot of young women who want to look like models and

Cover girls suffer from different forms of eating __________.

5.She was unlucky enough to fall __________ on holiday.

6.Smoking can cause fatal __________.

7.Studies have revealed that fewer vegetarians suffer from heart __________.

8.The pharmacist can assist you with the treatment of common __________.

9.The thought of eating made him feel __________.

10.They live from day to day looking after their __________ daughter.

11.Whenever i travel by plane i get __________unless i take a travel __________ pill.

2. pain / ache

pain - [n, C/U]

1) [u/c] the feelings that you have in your body when you have been hurt or when you are ill i sick; a sharp pain; acute pain; stomach i chest pains; to relieve the pain; to be in pain

He felt a sharp pain in his knee.

The fresh air had done nothing to relieve the pain Kelly felt in her head.

2) [u/c] mental or emotional suffering; no pain, no gain (saying)

He found it hard to cope with the pain of being separated from his children.

3) [c] (informal) a person or thing that is very annoying; a pain in the neck

She can be a real pain when she's in a bad mood.

an ache - [n, c] [eɪk]

(often in compounds) a pain that is continuous and unpleasant, but usually not very strong; a dull ache; to have aches and pains (minor pains 'that continue over a period of time); an ache in my heart (figurative: a

continuous sad feeling); a headache / (a) toothache / (an) earache / (a) stomach ache / (a) backache

Muscular aches and pains can be soothed by a relaxing massage.

Red wine gives me a headache.

to ache - [v]

1) to feel a continuous dull pain; Synonym: to hurt

I'm aching all over.

All his limbs ached and he shivered with the cold.

2) (formal) to have a strong desire for smb.! sth. or to do sth.; to ache for smb. / smth. / to ache to do smth.

I was aching for home.

to hurt - [v]

a) (of part of your body) to feel painful; it hurts

My feet hurt.

It hurts when i bend my knee.

b) (or an action) to cause physical pain to smb. / yourself

Ouch! It hurts!

My back is really hurting me today.

Pain / ache / hurt

1.Fred's knees __________ after skiing all day.

2.He __________ to see her.

3.It's a __________ having to go all that way for just one meeting.

4.Mummy, i've got a tummy __________.

5.My shoes __________ - they're too tight.

6.Philip's head began to __________.

7.She walked slowly down the road evidently in __________.

8.She was given drugs to control the __________.

9.The __________was almost more than he could bear.

10. There was a dull __________in his stomach.

3) Fatigue / exhaustion / tiredness

fatigue - [n, U]

a feeling of being extremely tired, usually because of hard work or exercise; physical and mental fatigue; chronic fatigue syndrome; synonyms: exhaustion, tiredness

The driver's fatigue was to blame for the accident.

exhaustion - [n, u] [ɪg'zɔːsʧ(ə)n]

the state of being very tired and without enough energy to do anything else; to suffer from physical / mental/nervous exhaustion

Her face was grey with exhaustion.

to be / to feel completely exhausted

The exhausted climbers were rescued by helicopter.

tiredness - [n, u]

the state of wanting to sleep or rest

I couldn't concentrate because of tiredness.

to be / to look / to feel/to get tired

to be tired of smb. / smth. / of doing smth. (no longer wanting something or wanting to do something because you are bored with it or annoyed by it); to be sick and tired of smth. / doing smth. (very bored with)

She was tired of hearing about their trip to India.

fatigue / exhaustion / tiredness

1.Kids can suddenly get very __________ after playing for a time.

2.On most occasions, __________ can be relieved after a good night's sleep.

3.She was in a state of nervous __________.

4.Some people find that __________becomes a chronic problem.

5.The __________skiers are looking forward to a good night's sleep.

6.The patient showed signs of __________and memory loss.

4. accident / incident

accident - [n, C /U]

1) [C] a crash involving a car, train, plane, or other vehicle; a car / road / traffic accident; to have an accident; a fatal accident (in which smb. Is killed)

The accident was caused by ice on the road.

2) [C] a sudden event that results in damage, injury, or death; a serious / minor accident; a riding / climbing / hunting accident; accident insurance

She broke her leg in a riding accident.

3) [C/U] something that happens unexpectedly and is not planned in advance; by accident; it is no accident (used for saying that something was planned, perhaps for dishonest reasons)

Helen got into acting purely by accident.

It is no accident that every letter we send is delayed.

incident - [n, C/Uj

1) [C] something that happens, especially smth. Unusual or unpleasant

His bad behavior was just an isolated incident.

2) [C/U] a serious or violent event, such as a crime, an accident or an attack; without incident

There was a shooting incident near here last night.

accident / incident

1.One in seven __________ is caused by sleepy drivers.

2.One particular __________sticks in my mind.

3.Quite by __________she came up with a brilliantly simple solution.

4.Seven men were killed in a serious mining __________ yesterday.

5.Take out __________ insurance before you go on your trip.

6.The demonstration passed off without __________.

7.Their early arrival was just an __________.

5. Routine / regime / schedule / timetable

routine – [n, C/U]

1) [C/U] the normal order and way in which you regularly do things; a daily routine; as a matter of routine

It shouldn't take too long to get back to our old routine.

We are trying to get the baby into a routine for feeding and sleeping.

2) [U] (disapproving) a situation in which life is boring because things are always done in the same way

She needed a break from routine.

routine - [adj.] (usually before noun)

1) done or happening as a normal part of a particular job, situation or process; routine enquiries / questions / tests

The drugs were found in their car during a routine check by police.

2) not unusual or different in any way

He died of a heart attack during a routine operation.

3) (disapproving) ordinary and boring

This type of work rapidly becomes routine.

a regime - en, c] [ [reɪ'ʒiːm]

1) a method or system of government, especially one that has not been elected in a fair way; a fascist / totalitarian / military regime

The overthrow of the military regime was followed by a period of anarchy.

2) a method or system of organizing or managing smth.

Our tax regime is one of the most favourable in Europe.

schedule - [n, C/U] BrE ['ʃedjuːl], AmE ['skeʤuːl]

1) [C/U] a plan that lists all the work that you have to do and when you must do each thing; a busy i full schedule; a tight schedule (many things to do in a short time); to run ahead of schedule; to fall behind schedule;

Onschedule

The new bridge has been finished two years ahead of schedule.

Our CEO (Chief Executive Officer) has a very busy schedule.

2) [C] (AmE) timetable; a train / bus schedule

The Chinese language will be on the school schedule from next year.

3) [C] a list of the television and radio programmes that are on a particular channel and the times that they start

The channel's schedules are filled with old films and repeats.

to schedule - [v]

[usually passive] to arrange for smth. To happen at a particular time; a scheduled flight (a plane service that leaves at a regular time each day or week unlike a charter flight - a flight in an aircraft in which all the seats are paid for by a travel company and then sold to their customers, usually at a lower cost than that of a scheduled flight)

The meeting is scheduled for Friday afternoon.

We'll be stopping here for longer than scheduled.

a timetable – [n, C]

1) [BrE] a list of the times when buses, trains etc. Arrive and leave (AmE Schedule); a bus / train timetable

The timetable for the school bus is available from the relevant bus operator or the school.

2) a list of the times of lessons or courses at a school, college, or university

(AmE schedule)

We have a new timetable each term.

3) a plan of when you expect or hope particular events to happen;

Synonym: schedule

I have a busy timetable this week.

to timetable - [v]

[usually passive] (especially bre) to arrange for smth. To take place at a particular time; Synonym: to schedule

A series of discussion groups have been timetabled for the afternoon.

routine / regime / schedule / timetable

1: i can't arrange everything around your __________!

2.I have a hectic __________for the next few days.

3.Investors will benefit from recent changes in the tax __________.

4.Programmes are running a few minutes behind __________ this evening.

5.Sport is no longer so important in the __________.

6.The exhibition is __________to run from January until march.

7.The fault was discovered during a __________check.

8.The people have been kept down for years by a brutal ___________.

9.The tunnel project has already fallen behind __________.

10. There may be some minor changes to the train __________.

11. Writing poetry liberated her from the __________of everyday life.

12. You should get into the __________ of saving the document you are working on every ten minutes.

6. affect / effect / result / consequence

to affect - [v] ['æfekt]

1) to change or influence something; if something affects something else, it has 'an effect on it

Your opinion will not affect my decision.

2) (of a disease) to attack smb. Or a part of the body; to make smb. Become ill/sick

The disease affects many different organs of the body.

3) [often passive] to make smb. Have strong feelings of sadness, pity, etc.

They were deeply affected by the news of her death.

effect – [n, C/U] [ɪ'fekt]

1) [C/U] a change that is produced in one person or thing by another; a result; to have an effect on something; to have some / little ino effect; cause and effect; an adverse ['ædvɜːs] / beneficial effect (a bad / good effect); a dramatic effect; the greenhouse effect; a side effect; to reduce the effect(s) of something

Modern farming methods can have an adverse effect on the environment.

I tried to persuade him, but with little or no effect.

2) [C/U] a particular look, sound or impression that smb., such as an artist or a writer, wants to create; for effect (in order to impress smb.); special effects; to get / to produce i to achieve an effect

The stage lighting gives the effect of a moonlit scene.

Note: affect or effect?

The verb "to affect" means "to have an influence on smb. / smth. ": Does television affect children's behaviour?

The noun "effect" means "result, influence": Does television have an effect on children's behaviour?

result - [n, C/U]

something that is caused directly by something else that has happened previously; the result of smtb.; as a result; with the result that; a direct / an indirect result; the end / final result of smtb.

There is a shortage of cheap housing, with the result that many people are leaving the city.

She died as a result of her injuries.

to result - [v]

to result from smth. (to happen because of smth. Else that happened first) it was a large explosion with the extensive damage resulting from it.

to result in smth. (to make smth. Happen; synonym: to lead to )

The cyclone has resulted in many thousands of deaths.

a consequence - [n, c] ['kɔn(t)sɪkwən(t)s]

a result or effect of something; the consequence of smth.; serious / disastrous consequences; economic / social/health consequences; as a consequence; to suffer / face i take the consequences

This decision could have serious consequences for the industry.

Note: effect, result or consequence?

These are all words for a thing that is caused because of smth. Else.

"Effect" is a change in smb. / smth, that is caused by smb. / smth. Else:

Her criticisms had the effect of discouraging him completely. "Result" is a thing that is caused or produced by smth. Else: he died as the result of a heart attack. "Consequence" (rather formal) is a result of smth. That has happened, especially a bad result: this decision could have serious consequences for the industry. The word "consequences" is used most frequently to talk about possible negative results of an action. It is commonly used with such words as adverse, disastrous, fatal, harmful, negative, serious, tragic and unfortunate. Even when there is no adjective, "consequences" often suggest negative results.

affect / effect / result / consequence

1.A sudden change in temperature will inevitably __________ in rain.

2.Any change in lifestyle will have a(n) __________ on your health.

3.Consider the long-term health__________ carefully before deciding.

4.It is known that poor housing significantly__________ educational achievement.

5.Relaxation can reduce the negative __________ of stress on the immune system.

6.She had been deeply __________ by her parents' divorce.

7.Students should learn how they can achieve different stylistic __________in their writing.

8.The area has been badly __________ by pollution.

9.The arrests __________ from an anonymous telephone call.

10. The failure of the company was a direct __________ of bad

Management.

11. This book is the __________ of 25 years of research.

7. alter / change

to alter - [v] ['~ 11t~]

1) to make something different in some way but without changing it completely; to alter a coat; to alter a will; to alter course

He altered his appearance with surgery.

2) to become different or modified; to change, usually slightly

The situation has altered since last week.

3) to make small changes to a piece of clothing so that it will fit you better the coat is too long for me. I'll have to have it altered.

alterations – [n, C/U]

1) [C/U] a change in the appearance or form of something; the process of making a change in the appearance or form of something; to make alterations to smth.

The editor made a few minor alterations to the text.

The professor told me that my course paper would not need much alteration.

2) [C] a small change made to a piece of clothing to make it fit correctly

I'm having some alterations made to the dress.

to change - [v]

1) to make the form, nature, content, future course, etc., of something different from what it is or from what it would be if left alone; to change one's / smb.'s mind

Computers have changed the way people work

2) to pass or make smb. / smth. pass from one state or form into another;

to change smb. / smth. from A to / into B; to change hands (to pass to a different owner)

Caterpillars change into butterflies.

3) to become different; to change for the better / worse

Some things never change.

4) to stop having one state, position or direction and start having another

The wind has changed direction.

change - [n, C/U]

1) [C/U] the act or result of smth. becoming different; a change in / to smth.; social/political/economic changes; to make a change; to undergo a change

She is someone who hates change.

A number of significant changes have taken place since the J 960s.

2) [C, singular] a new activity or experience that is different and enjoyable; a change from smth.; for a cbange; to make / to be a change

Everyone needs a change from the same old routine.

We had a Chinese meal, which made a nice change.

Note: alter or change?

"To change" and "to alter" both mean to make a difference in the state or condition of a thing or to substitute another state or condition. "To change" is to make an essential difference so that the thing is distinctly different from what it was having lost its original identity. "To alter" is to make some partial change, as in appearance, but usually to preserve the identity.

alter / alteration / change

1.Finishing early was a welcome __________.

2.Giving up our car has __________ our lifestyle.

3.Her life __________ completely when she won the lottery.

4.I've got to make some __________ to my essay.

5.Leaves __________ colour in autumn.

6.Reconstruction or __________ of the flat without the landlord's permission is forbidden.

7. The dress suits you but I think you might need to __________ the length.

8.The report proposes some fundamental __________ to the social security system.

9.The room looks a bit different. It has __________ with the new carpet and the matching curtains.

10. The town has __________ from a small fishing port to a bustling tourist attraction.

11. With a wave of her magic wand, she __________ the frog into a handsome prince.

8.remain / stay

to remain - [v] (not usually in the progressive tenses)

1) to continue to be smth.; to be still in the same state or condition; [v + adj] to remain silent / standing / seated / motionless; Synonym: to stay

Train fares are likely to remain unchanged

In spite of their quarrel, they remain the best of friends.

2) to be still present after the other parts have been removed, used, etc.; to continue to exist

Very little of the house remained after the fire.

3) to need still to be done, said, or dealt with Much remains to be done.

There remained one significant problem.

4) [usually + adv. / prep.] to stay in the same place; not to leave; Synonym: to stay

The plane remained on the ground.

to stay - [v]

1) to remain in a particular place for a period of time without moving away; to stay in bed; to stay at home; to stay late; Synonym: to remain (formal; in spoken English it is more usual to use to s.tay)

I have to stay late at work every Thursday.

He wanted her to stay at home and look after the children.

2) to continue to be in a particular state or situation; Synonym: to remain

He never stays angry for long.

I don't know why they stay together.

3) to live in a place temporarily as a guest or visitor

My sister's coming to stay next week.

remain / stay

1. He will __________ (as) manager of the club until the end of his contract.

2. He's __________ with friends this weekend.

3. My financial problems __________even after I had found a job.

4. Questions __________ about the president's honesty.

5. She left, but I __________ behind.

6. The money was donated by a local businessman who wished to __________ anonymous.

7. The refugees were allowed to __________in the UK.

8. to intend / to plan / to design

to intend - [v]

1) to have a plan, result or purpose in your mind when you do smth .; to intend to do smth.; to intend smb. to do smth.; to intend doing smth. Synonym: to plan on smth. / on doing smth.

The writer clearly intends his readers to identify with the main character.

I don’t intend staying long.

2) to plan that smth. should have a particular meaning; to intend something as something; to intend something by something; Synonym: to mean

He intended it as a joke.

What exactly did you intend by that remark?

intention - [n, CIU]

what you intend or plan to do; your aim; intention of doing smth.; intention to do smth.; intention that …

He has announced his intention to retire.

to plan - [v]

1) to intend or expect to do smth. Synonym: to intend

They plan to arrive some time after three.

2) to make a design or an outline for smth,

You should plan the essay before you start writing.

a plan - [n, C]

1) something that you intend to do or achieve; the plan for smth.; the plan to do smth.

Do you have any plans for the summer?

2) a technical drawing that shows details of how a building, city, machine etc. will be built or developed; a drawing showing how something is or will be made; to draw up a plan; Synonym: design

] 've made a detailed pla n of my new garden.

to design - [v]

1) to decide how smth. will look, work, etc., especially by drawing plans or making models; to design a car I a dress I an office

They asked me to design a poster for the campaign

2) to think of and plan a system, a way of doing smth., etc. Synonym: to plan

We need to design a new timetable for the first-year students.

3) [usually passive] to be intended for a particular purpose;

Designed as a dining hall, the grand room is now a visitors' centre.

design - [n, CIU]

1) [C] a drawing or plan from which smth. may be made; a design for smth.

He looked at the design with the eye of an engineer.

2) [U/C] a plan or an intention

It is all part of his grand design.

to intend / to plan / to design

1.He has some grand __________for the company.

2.I __________using the report as evidence to support my case.

3. My boss __________to retire at 50.

4.She wondered what he __________ by that statement.

5.The bride wore a cream silk dress that she __________herself.

6.The cell was originally __________for only two prisoners.

7.There are no __________to build new offices.

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

I. Learn the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations (pp. 70-71):

Accident ['æksɪd(ə)nt]

alter ['ɔːltə]

clumsy ['klʌmzɪ]

cues [kjuːz]

dawn [dɔːn]

design [dɪ'zaɪn]

digestive [daɪ'ʤestɪv]

disease [dɪ'ziːz]

environment [ɪn'vaɪər(ə)nmənt]

fatigue [fə'tiːg]

glucose ['gluːkəus]

groceries ['grəus(ə)rɪz]

headache ['hedeɪk]

hormone ['hɔːməun]

hypothalamus [ˌhaipə'θæləməs]

Immune [ɪ'mjuːn]

indigestion [ˌɪndɪ'ʤesʧ(ə)n]

muscular ['mʌskjələˌ 'mʌskjulə]

nowadays ['nauədeɪz]

orchestra ['ɔːkɪstrə]

physical ['fɪzɪk(ə)l]

psychological [ˌsaɪkə'lɔʤɪk(əl)]

rhythm ['rɪð(ə)m]

routine [ruː'tiːn]

syncromse

ulcer

viral

Дата добавления: 2014-12-17