Numerals

DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADECTIVES AND ADVERBS

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

QUANTITIVE PRONOUNS

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Sentences	-thing	-body, -one	-where
Affirmative	some any	something що-небудь anything усе, що завгодно	somebody someone хтось хто-небудь anybody/anyone усякий будь-який	somewhere anywhere десь де-небудь anywhere де завгодно куди завгодно
Interrogative	any	anything що-небудь	anybody anyone хто-небудь будь-хто	anywhere де-небудь куди-небудь
Negative	not... any no	not... anything нічого nothing	not... anybody not... anyone ніхто nobody/no one	not... anywhere ніде, нікуди nowhere ніде, нікуди
Affirmative Interrogative Negative	every	everything усе	everybody everyone усякий, кожний, усе	everywhere скрізь, усюди

few little мало, мало хто недостатньо	Few birds can be seen in that place. (= almost none) I know little about painting. (=almost nothing)	Few and little have a negative meaning. They mean not enough.
a few кілька a little трохи	A few birds can be seen in that place. (= some birds) I know a little about painting. (=something)	A few, a little have a positive meaning. They mean some though not much ( many)

Singular	Plural
this – цей, ця, це	that– той, та, те	these – ці	those – ті

Adjectives and Adverbs	Positive	Comparative	Superlative	Formation
One-syllable adjectives and adverbs	old wise hot easy fast early	older, elder wiser hotter easier faster earlier	oldest, eldest wisest hottest easiest fastest earliest	For most one-syllable adjectives and adverbs, -er and –est are added.
Two-syllable adjectives and adverbs	famous slowly	more famous more slowly	most famous most slowly	For most two-syllable adj. and adv., more and most are used.
busy pretty	busier prettier	busiest prettiest	-Er/-est are used with two-syllable adjectives that end in –y. the –y is changed to –i.
clever   gentle   friendly	clever more clever gentler more gentle friendlier more friendly	cleverest most clever gentlest most gentle friendliest most friendly	Some two-syllable adjectives use –er/-est or more/most: able, pleasant, angry, handsome, simple, common, quiet, narrow, sour, polite, cruel.
Adjectives and adverbs with three or more syllables	important   productive   carefully	more important   more productive   more carefully	most important   most productive   most carefully	More and most are used with long adjectives and adverbs.
Irregular Adjectives and Adverbs
good/well bad/badly far much/many little	better worse farther/further more less	best worst farthest/furthest most least

Cardinal Numerals (how many?)	Ordinal Numerals (which?)
1,000 1,000,000	one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three twenty-four twenty-five twenty-six twenty-seven twenty-eight twenty-nine thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety a hundred a thousand a million	first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentieth twenty-first twenty-second twenty-third twenty-fourth twenty-fifth twenty-sixth twenty-seventh twenty-eighth twenty-ninth thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth hundredth thousandth millionth
1,006 5,000 260,127	a/one hundred and forty four hundred a/one thousand and six five thousand two hundred and sixty thousand, one hundred and twenty-seven
dates	March 10, 1998 – the tenth of March nineteen ninety-eight or March the tenth nineteen ninety-eight
Fractional Numerals	Common Fractions: 1/2 – a half; 1/4 – a quarter; 1/5 – a/one fifth; 3/5 – three fifth; 1 ½ – one and a half; 3 4/5 – three and four fifths; Decimal Fractions: 0.1 – nought point one; 10.92 – ten point nine two; 8.04 – eight point nought four;

Дійсний спосіб The Indicative Mood

Активний стан Active Voice to write

Present

Past

Future

Future-in-the-Past

Indefinite

He writes letters every day

He wrote a letter yesterday

He will writea letter tomorrow

(He said that) he would write a letter the next day

Continuous

He is writinga letter now

He was writinga letter at 5 o’clock yesterday

He will be writinga letter at 5 o’clock tomorrow

(He said that) he would be writinga letter at 5 o’clock the next day

Perfect

He has already written a letter

He had writtena letter by 5 o’clock yesterday

He will have written a letter by 5 o’clock tomorrow

(He said that) he would have writtena letter by 5 o’clock the next day

Perfect Continuous

He has been writinga letter since morning

He had been writing a letter for two hours when I came

He will have been writinga letter for two hours when I come

(He said that) he would have been writing a letter for two hours when I came

Present Indefinite

to work

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I work He works She works It works We work You work They work

I do not work He does not work She does not work It does not work We do not work You do not work They do not work

Do I work? Does he work? Does she work? Does it work? Do we work? Do you work? Do they work

Yes, I do Yes, he does Yes, she does Yes, it does Yes, we do Yes, you do Yes, they do

No, I don’t No, he doesn’t No, she isn’t No, it isn’t No, we don’t No, you don’t No, they don’t

Past Indefinite

to work; to write

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I worked (wrote) He worked (wrote) She worked (wrote) It worked (wrote) We worked (wrote) You worked (wrote) They worked (wrote)

I did not work (write) He did not work (write) She did not work (write) It did not work (write) We did not work (write) You did not work (write) They did not work (write)

Did I work (write)? Did he work (write)? Did she work (write)? Did it work (write)? Did we work (write)? Did you work (write)? Did they work (write)?

Yes, I did Yes, he did Yes, she did Yes, it did Yes, we did Yes, you did Yes, they did

No, I didn’t No, he didn’t No, she didn’t No, it didn’t No, we didn’t No, you didn’t No, they didn’t

Future Indefinite

to work

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I shall work He will work She will work It will work We shall work You will work They will work

I shall not work He will not work She will not work It will not work We shall not work You will not work They will not work

Shall I work? Will he work? Will she work? Will it work? Shall we work? Will you work? Will they work?

Yes, I shall Yes, he will Yes, she will Yes, it will Yes, we shall Yes, you will Yes, they will

No, I shan’t No, he won’t No, she won’t No, it won’t No, we shan’t No, you won’t No, they won’t

Future-in-the-Past Indefinite Tense

to write

(He knew that)

(He thought that)

I should write He would write She would write It would write We should write You would write They would write

I should not write He would not write She would not write It would not write We should not write You would not write They would not write

Present Continuous Tense

to work

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I am working He is working She is working It is working We are working You are working They are working

I am not working He is not working She is not working It is not working We are not working You are not working They are not working

Am I working? Is he working? Is she working? Is it working? Are we working? Are you working? Are they working?

Yes, I am Yes, he is Yes, she is Yes, it is Yes, we are Yes, you are Yes, they are

No, I am not No, he isn’t No, she isn’t No, it isn’t No, we aren’t No, you aren’t No, they aren’t

Past Continuous Tense

to work

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I was working He was working She was working It was working We were working You were working They were working

I was not working He was not working She was not working It was not working We were not working You were not working They were not working

Was I working? Was he working? Was she working? Was it working? Were we working? Were you working? Were they working?

Yes, I was Yes, he was Yes, she was Yes, it was Yes, we are Yes, you are Yes, they are

No, I wasn’t No, he wasn’t No, she wasn’t No, it wasn’t No, we weren’t No, you weren’t No, they, weren’t

Future Continuous Tense

to work

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I shall be writing He will be writing She will be writing It will be writing I We shall be writing You will be writing They will be writing

I shall not be writing He will not be writing She will not be writing It will not be writing We shall not be writing You will not be writing They will not be writing

Shall I be writing? Will he be writing? Will she be writing? Will it be writing? Shall we be writing? Will you be writing? Will they be writing?  

Yes, I shall Yes, he will Yes, she will Yes, it will Yes, we shall Yes, you will Yes, they will

No, I shan’t No, he won’t No, she won’t No, it won’t No, we shan’t No, you won’t No, they won’t

Future-in-the-Past Continuous Tense

to write

(He said that)

(He supposed that)

I should be writing He would be writing She would be writing It would be writing We should be writing You would be writing They would be writing

I should not be writing He would not be writing She would not be writing It would not be writing We should not be writing You would not be writing They would not be writing

Present Perfect Tense

to write

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I have written He has written She has written It has written We have written You have written They have witten

I have not written He has not written She has not written It has not written We have not written You have not written They have not written

Have I written? Has he written? Has she written? Has it written? Have we written? Have you written? Have they written?

Yes, I have Yes, he has Ye, she has Yes, it has Yes, we have Yes, you have Yes, they have

No, I haven’t No, he hasn’t No, she hasn’t No, it hasn’t No, we haven’t No, you haven’t No, they haven’t

Past Indefinite

to write –

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I had written He had written She had written It had written We had written You had written They had written

I had not written He had not written She had not written It had not written We had not written You had not written They had not written    

Had I written? Had he written? Had she written? Had it written? Had we written? Had you written? Had they written?  

Yes, I had Yes, he had Yes, she had Yes, it had Yes, we had Yes, you had Yes, they had

No, I hadn’t No, he hadn’t No, she hadn’t No, it hadn’t No, we hadn’t No, you hadn’t No, they hadn’t

Future Perfect

to write

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I shall have written He will have written She will have written It will have written We shall have written You will have written They will have written

I shall not have written He will not have written She will not have written It will not have written We shall not have written You will not have written They will not have written

Shall I have written? Will he have written? Will she have written? Will it have written? Shall we have written? Will you have written? Will they have written?

Yes, I shall Yes, he will Yes, she will Yes, it will Yes, we shall Yes, you will Yes, they will

No, I shan’t No, he won’t No, she won’t No, it won’t No, we shan’t No, you won’t No, they won’t

Future-in-the-Past Perfect Tense

to write

(He was shure that)

(He guessed that)

I should have written He would have written She would have written It would have written We should have written You would have written They would have written

I should not have written He would not have written She would not have written It would not have written We should not have written You would not have written They would not have written

 

Present Perfect Continuous Tense
to write
Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I have been writing He has been writing She has been writing It has been writing We have been writing You have been writing They have been writing	I have not been writing He has not been writing She has not been writing It has not been writing We have not been writing You have not been writing They have not been writing	Have I been writing? Has he been writing? Has she been writing? Has it been writing? Have we been writing? Have you been writing? Have they been writing?	Yes, I have Yes, he has Ye, she has Yes, it has Yes, we have Yes, you have Yes, they have	No, I haven’t No, he hasn’t No, she hasn’t No, it hasn’t No, we haven’t No, you haven’t No, they haven’t
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
to write –
Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I had been writing He had been writing She had been writing It had been writing We had been writing You had been writing They had been writing	I had not been writing He had not been writing She had not been writing It had not been writing We had not been writing You had not been writing They had not been writing	Had I been writing? Had he been writing? Had she been writing? Had it been writing? Had we been writing? Had you been writing? Had they been writing?	Yes, I had Yes, he had Yes, she had Yes, it had Yes, we had Yes, you had Yes, they had	No, I hadn’t No, he hadn’t No, she hadn’t No, it hadn’t No, we hadn’t No, you hadn’t No, they hadn’t
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
to write
Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I shall have been writing He will have been writing She will have been writing It will have been writing We shall have been writing You will have been writing They will have been writing	I shall not have been writing He will not have been writing She will not have been writing It will not have been writing We shall not have been writing You will not have been writing They will not have been writing	Shall I have been writing? Will he have been writing? Will she have been writing? Will it have been writing? Shall we have been writing? Will you have been writing? Will they have been writing?	Yes, I shall Yes, he will Yes, she will Yes, it will Yes, we shall Yes, you will Yes, they will	No, I shan’t No, he won’t No, she won’t No, it won’t No, we shan’t No, you won’t No, they won’t

THE FUNCTIONS OF THE VERB «TO BE»

Functions	Examples
1. The Notional Verb	He is at home now. The students are in the classroom.
2. An Auxiliary Verb	He is writing a letter. I was asked a difficult question.
3. A Link Verb	John is a student. He is intelligent. He is the best student in our group.
4. A Modal Verb	We are to meet at noon. They are to begin this work at once.

THE FUNCTIONS OF THE VERB «TO HAVE»

Functions	Examples
1. The Notional Verb	She has a large family. We have got a comfortable flat.
2. An Auxiliary Verb	He has graduated from the University. I have been waiting for you for half an hour.
3. A Modal Verb	I have to get up early on Mondays. They had to go there. He will have to do it.

THE FUNCTIONS OF THE VERB «TO DO»

Functions	Examples
1. The Notional Verb	The exercise was done well. You didn’t do anything to help her.
2.An Auxiliary Verb a) The Present and Past Indefinite (interrogative and negative forms) b) The Imperative Mood (negative form) c) to express emphasis	He doesn’t work here. Did you see him yesterday? — Yes, I did. Don’t be late for lessons. But I do know him.

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