The gerund. Forms and functions

THE SUBJECTIVE PARTICIPLE COMPLEX

THE OBJECTIVE PARTICIPLE COMPLEX

COMPLEXES WITH THE PARTICIPLE

is used with the verbs denoting a) sense perceptions:	to see to hear to feel to watch to observe to notice	I saw her walking along the street. We heard him speaking in the next room. She felt her hand trembling. I watched the children playing in the garden. The teacher observed the students writing compositions.
b) wish and mental activity	to want to wish to find to leave	I want the letter posted at once. I wish your dreams realized. When I returned I found her gone. He left his work unfinished.

to have to get

She had her dress made here. I must have my hair cut. He will have his coat cleaned. She must have her hair done. Have you got your car repaired?

is used with the verbs denoting sense perceptions:

to see to hear to watch to notice to consider

She was seen walking along the street. Two people were heard quarelling. They were watched playing in the garden. He was noticed entering the office. The work was considered finished.

The rain having stopped, we went home. The day being fine, she went for a walk. Time permitting, we’ll go to the forest.

In this complex Participle has its own subject expressed by a noun in the Common Case or a personal pronoun in the Nominative case.

Functions	Examples
Complex Subject (The Subjective Participle complex)	They were heard speaking in a lively manner. He was seen surrounded by a group of students. He was noticed entering the library.
Complex Object (The Objective Participle complex)	I saw the workers packing the goods. They watched the car being repaired. They want the goods shipped on Monday.
Attribute	The cars being produced at our plant are very good.
Adverbial Modifier	Walking in the park, he met his old friend.
The Absolute participle complex	The letter being written, I went to post it. He being tired, I decided not to disturb him.

Gerund	Active	Passive	Uses
Indefinite	reading	being read	The action expressed by the gerund: a)
She likes reading. She likes being read.
Perfect	having read	having been read
Thank you for having helped me. I remember having been asked this question.

Functions	Examples
Subject	Reading books is useful. Smoking is harmful. Reading love stories made her cry.
Predicative	His hobby is collecting stamps. The main thing is getting there in time. Seeing is believing.
Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate	She went on reading. She stopped smoking.
Direct Object	I couldn’t avoid speaking to her. The film is worth seeing. I don’t mind waiting.
Prepositional Object	I am fond of reading. He insisted on doing the work himself. I don’t like his habit of making people wait.
Attribute	All liked the idea of going to the country. I have no intention of discussing this question. There are different ways of solving this problem.
Adverbial Modifier	On entering the room he came up to me. He left the room without saying a word. Excuse me for being so late.

Дата добавления: 2014-11-29