Современного Лондона

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Проведенного Всемирной организацией здравоохранения.

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Pollution

The British, like many other Europeans, are becoming more

and more worried (беспокоиться) about their environment. Here

are some of the environmental problems that they face.

As the population of large cities like London, Birmingham and

Manchester continues to grow, pollution problems become worse.

The air in many towns and cities is being polluted by traffic

(транспорт, движение) and industry. The number of cars and lorries

is growing all the time. On the one hand, they bring mobility to

millions of people, but on the other hand, they need bigger, better

and more expensive roads, which often ruin the countryside

(сельская местность). Traffic in cities is getting worse and worse.

Water pollution has become a serious problem in many British

rivers. People living near aiфorts suffer from the noise of increasingly

larger and more powerful jet airliners taking off and landing.

Text 2C

Ecological Problems of Big Cities

There are over 150 supercities in the world with population

from one to 15 million and more. Tokyo, New York, London,

Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro and Moscow are just a few of the cities

which have become supercities.

People in the supercities suffer from polluted environment: bad

water, bad air and noise. A new term, urban (городской) climate,

is used now for such cities. It means high temperature, oppressive

atmosphere and intensive smog.

Some experts consider that it is practically impossible to protect

the big cities from pollution. The World Health Organization

(WHO) studied air pollution around the world for over eight years.

It measured two things: the level of sulphur dioxide (SO2) in the air

and the level of smoke. Sulphur dioxide and smoke pollute water

and have serious effect on forest, buildings and health of people.

In the WHO report it is shown that the cities with the most considerable

level of CO2 in the air are Milan, Teheran, Prague, Santiago

and Sao Paulo. However, some cities with clean air get worse

in winter. Helsinki, for example, becomes one of the cities with the

largest proportion of it in the air in winter. This must be connected

with the heating of houses. One can also mention (упоминать)

Glasgow and Warsaw which suffer in the same way.

Text 2D

London, its History and Development

It is known that the area around London was inhabited

(населять) by the Celts. Later the Romans founded a military

camp there. The camp developed into a port. The area of about 1

square mile where the Romans built their fortifications corresponds

approximately to today present City of London. London

was the capital of one of the Roman provinces of Britain. After the

Romans left Britain, London became less important and suffered

greatly from the Danes and Vikings. It was under Henry the First

in the 12th century that London finally became the capital of

England. In the 16th century London, with its 500,000 inhabitants,

was the largest city in England. Under Queen Elizabeth the

First in the 17th century England dominated the oceans and became

the Empire. It is in the Elizabethan Age that art, culture and

literature flowered, especially in London. Over the centuries London

became the centre of a constantly growing empire. The empire

reached its apex (вершина) under Queen Victoria. Industrialization

and the expansion of international trade brought

London power, growth and cultural and economic development.

In the First and Second World Wars London was ruined considerably.

Some 9 million people now live in London and its suburbs, and

the city covers an area of 620 square miles, making it one of the

largest of the world's capitals. One reason for its size is that the

English people like to live in small houses and have small gardens.

As a result, less than 5,000 people live in the City of London, while

more than half a million come here to work in the daytime. Today

London is the capital of Great Britain and is also the seat of the

Royal Family, the Parliament, the major administrative bodies and

scientific institutions.

The Houses of Parliament stand on the bank of the Thames at

Westminster Abbey. Actually it is one building but it is called

«Houses» as it consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and

the House of Commons. It was set up in the 13-th century. At one

end of the Houses of Parliament there is a tower with a large clock.

The largest bell, known as Big Ben, chimes in (отбивать часы) the

hour.

Westminster Abbey was a monastery built in the 8th century. It

is one of the best examples of the Early English architecture. The

kings and queens of England are buried there. Many great statesmen,

writers and poets are also buried there.

In the centre of London there is one of the most beautiful

squares — Trafalgar Square which was named so to commemorate

(в честь) Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar. There is the

monument in its centre known as Nelson's Column.

In the vicinity of Trafalgar Square is Whitehall which is now a

street of government offices. Not far from Whitehall is Downing

Street. Number 10 Downing Street is the residence of the Prime

Minister of England. The Cabinet meets there. One must mention

the British Museum. It is one of the most extensive and valuable

museums in West Europe, It was founded in 1753. It also comprises

the National Library. There are other numerous museums

and galleries displaying interesting finds from all parts of the

world and from all stages in the development of nature, man and

art. There are also two large opera houses, the National Theatre

and 50 other theatres. Monuments of past greatness are everywhere

in London.

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

Упражнение 1. A. Прочитайте следующие словосочетания из текста 2А и

постарайтесь догадаться о значении выделенных слов.

L to protect the environment

2. become seriously polluted

3. suffer from pollution

4. interaction of all processes

5. the essential feature

6. protection is imperative today

7. public organizations

8. safeguarding natural resources

B. Подберите к каждому слову в колонке А соответствующее значение из

колонки В.

А В

1. protect а. do not feel well

2. serious b. for all people

3. suffer с keep safe from smth.

4. interaction d. protection

5. essential e. needing attention

6. imperative f. important

7. public g. necessary, most important, fundamental

8. safeguarding h. action on each other

Упражнение ⩚ A. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь догадаться о значении

выделенных слов.

One of the most urgent environmental problems in the world

today is the shortage of clean water. Access to clean drinking water

is a basic human need. But industrial pollution has made many

sources of water undrinkable. Rivers, lakes and even seas have become

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