It to change a decision or a sentence of a lower court is known to be

In accordance with a previous judicial decision.

Agreed. 13. To bind is to place a court under legal obligation to act

On all parties, that is, all parties signing it must do what is

Means to be in opposition to each other. 12. The agreement is binding

Disputes are disagreements or arguments. To be in dispute

A judge on technical matters in a particularly difficult case.

The extent of legal authority. 10. An assessor expert helps and advises

Laws or the laws made. 9. Jurisdiction is administration of justice or

Settle a dispute between parties by referring it to an arbitrator instead

Special problems and make judgments. 7. To arbitrate is to

Tribunals are specialist courts outside the judicial system which examine

A judgment or of deciding a legal problem. 6. The courts called

Or the party that requests an appeal. 5. Adjudicatioii is an act of giving

Court hearing is called an appeal. 4. An appellant is the person

To a higher court to reexamine and change the judgment of a previous

A case to a higher court in the hope of a new decision. 3. A request

From the highest to the lowest courts. 2. To appeal means to take

А hierarchy of courts is an organization with levels of authority

Переведите предложения.

Judging panel — состав, список судей

Expert assessor — эксперт-консультант

Notes to the Text

Per cent of the plaintiffs.

Also increase access to justice for the ordinary people who make up

They are a popular way of resolving disputes. On a wider point, they

Increasing use of tribunals and arbitration seems to indicate that

Formal hearings result in a poor quality service. Nevertheless, the

There is the argument that cheaper, quicker and less

Expert. These advantages must, of course, be balanced against disadvantages.

Speed, lower costs, flexibility, informality and adjudication by an

Formalities are kept to the minimum.

Action and to ensure that the case is tried fairly. Nevertheless, the

Of all court procedures is to protect the interests of each party to the

This does not mean that rules are not observed because the object

The advantages of arbitration are similar to those of tribunals:

Упражнение 1. Дайте русские эквиваленты выделенным словам и словосочетаниям,

of going to court. 8. The word «legislation» means making

Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски.

1. We have no authority to deal with this matter: it does not

come within our... 2.The person who goes to a higher court to ask

called an... 3. To... means to take a question to a higher court for

rehearing and a new decision. 4. An... is a person giving a decision

on a legal problem in an industrial dispute. 5. The judicial... implies

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