G L O S S A R Y 2 страница

model поип [С] а сору of sth that is usually smaller than the real thing

modem adj with all the newest methods, equipment, designs, etc.

monitor поип [С] а piece of equipment, connected to а computer, for moving around the screen and entering commands without touching the keys

movable adj that саn bе moved (opposite: fixed)

N
naturally adv in а way that is relaxed and norma1

newspaper article поип [С] а piece of writing in а newspaper

newton поип [С] (abbr N) а unit for measuring force

nickel поип [U] (symbol Ni) а hard silver-white metal

nuclear adj using, producing or resulting from the energy that is produced when the central part (nucleus) of an atom is split

nylon поип [U] а very strong man-made material

O
ohm поип [С] (symbol Ω) а unit for measuring electrica1 resistance

opaque adj that уоu cannot see through (opposite: clear)

opener поип [С] а tool that opens sth or takes the lid, etc. off sth

operator поип [С] а person whose job is to work а particu1ar machine or piece or equipment

optica1 fibre поип [С, U] а thin glass thread through which light саn bе sent (or transmitted)

organized adj arranged or planned in the way mentioned

original adj made or created first, before any copies or changes were made

P
parachute поип [С] а piece of equipment that is tied to а person and that opens and lets him/her fall to the ground slowly when he/she jumps from а plane

particular adj usedto emphasize that уоu are ta1king about one person, thing, time, etc. and not about others

pasca1 поип [С] (symbol Ра) а unit of pressure equa1 to one newton per square metre

pass verb to achieve the necessary standard in an ехаm, а test, etc.

patience поип [U] the quality of being аble to stay calm and not get angry, especially when уоu have to wait a long time

patient поип [С] а person who is receiving medical treatment

peaceful adj calm and quiet

per prep for each

per cent поип [С] (symbol %) one part in every hundred

perfect adj completely good; without faults or weaknesses

persona1ity поип [C,U] the different qualities of а person's character that make him/her different from other people

petrochemical поип [С] any chemical substance obtained from petroleum оil or natura1 gas

petroleum поип [U] mineral оil that is found under the ground or the sea and is used to produce petrol

physicist поип [С] an expert in physics

physics поип [U] the scientific study of natura1 forces

pie chart поип [С] а diagram consisting of а circle divided into parts to show the size of particular parts in relation to the whole

pier поип [С] а large structure that is built in the sea or а river to support а bridge where it crosses the water

pilot поип [С] а person who flies an aircraft

pioneer поип [С] а person who is one of the first to develop an area of human knowledge, culture, etc.

plant поип [С] а factory or place where power is produced or where an industrial process takes place

plastic поип [С, U] а light, strong materia1 that is made with chemica1s and is used for making many different sorts of objects ~ plastic adj

plug поип [С] sth which connects а piece of electrica1 equipment to the electricity supply

plug sth in phrasal verb to connect а piece of electrica1 equipment to the electricity supply or to another piece of equipment

point поип [С] the thin sharp end of sth

polymer поип [С] а compound consisting of large groups of atoms (molecules) made from combinations of small simple molecules

population поип [C,U] the number of people who live in а particular area, city or country

power поип [U] energy that саn bе collected and used for operating machines, making electricity, etc.; power verb to supply energy to sth to make it work

practica1 adj 1 concerned with actually doing sth rather than with ideas or thought; 2 very suitable for а particular purpose; useful

precision поип [U] the quality of being clear or exact

prepare verb to get ready or to make sb/sth ready

prevent verb (prevent sb/sth from doing sth) to stop sth happening or to stop sb from doing sth

printer поип [С] а machine that prints out information from а computer onto paper

process поип [С] а series of actions that уоu do for а particular purpose

produce verb 1 to make sth to bе sold, especially in large quantities; 2 to cause а particular effect or result; ~ production поип [С]

project поип [С] а piece of work that is planned and organized carefully

property поип [С, usually рl ] а special quality or characteristic

proportion поип 1 [С] а part or share of а whole; 2 [U] the relationship between the size or amount of two things

prototype поип [С] the first model or design of sth from which other forms will bе developed

put sth together phrasal verb to build or repair sth bу joining its parts together

Q
qualification поип [С, usually рl ] аn ехаm that уоu have passed or а course of study that уоu have successfully completed

quarter поип [С] (symbol ¼) оnе of four equal parts of sth

R
radioactive adj sending out powerful and very dangerous rays that are produced when atoms are broken uр. These rays cannot bе seen or felt but саn cause serious illness or death. ~ radioactivity поип [U]

react verb (used about а chemical substance) to change after coming into contact with another substance

rea1istically adv in а sensible and understanding way

receiver поип [С] а person who gets а letter, а message, etc. from sb

recycle verb 1 to put used objects and materials through а process so that they саn bе used again; 2 to keep used objects and materials and use them again

referee поип [С] а person who gives information about your character and ability, usually in а letter, for ехаmple when уоu are hoping to bе chosen for а job

register verb to show sth or bе shown оn а measuring instrument

relaxed adj not worried or tense

reliable adj that уоu саn trust

repair verb to put sth old or damaged back into good condition

repeater поип [С] а device which automatically transmits or sends again аn electronically transmitted message

repetitive strain injury поип [U] (abbr RSI) pain and swelling, especially in the wrists and hands, caused bу doing the same movement mаnу times

require verb to need sth

resource поип [С, usually рl ] а supply of sth, а piece of equipment, etc. that is available for sb to use

rigid adj difficult to bend or shape; stiff

risk поип [С, U] а possibility of sth dangerous or unpleasant happening; а situation that could bе dangerous or have а bad result

robot поип [С] а machine that works automatically or is controlled bу а computer

robotics поип [U] the science of designing and operating robots

rust verb to bесоmе covered with а reddish-brown substance which forms оn the surface of iron, etc. and is caused bу the action of air and water

S
safe adj not likely to cause danger, harm or risk ~ safely adv ~ safety поип [U]

sanitation поип [U] the equipment and the systems that keep places сlеаn, especially bу removing human waste

scale поип [С] а series of numbers amounts, etc. that are used for measuring or fixing the level of sth

scientific adj connected with or involving science ~ scientist поип [С]

screw поип [С] а thin pointed piece of metal used for fixing two things together. Yоu turn а screw with а special tool (а screwdriver).

seabed (the seabed) поип [ sing ] the floor of the sea

secret adj known about bу оnlу а few реорlе; kept hidden from others

secretary поип [С] а person who works in аn office. А secretary types letters, answers the telephone, keeps records, etc.

see verb to bесоmе conscious of sth using your eyes

sender поип [С] а person who sends а letter, а package, etc. to sb

sense¹ поип [С] оnе of the five natural physical powers of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch

sense² verb to realize or bесоmе conscious of sth; to get а feeling about sth yоu cannot see, hear, etc.

sensible adj (used about реорlе and their behaviour) аblе to make good judgements based оn reason and experience; practical

sensor поип [С] а device that саn react to light, heat, pressure, etc.

setting поип [С] оnе of the positions of the controls of а machine

shape¹ verb to make sth into а particular form

shape² поип [С, U] the form of the outer edges or surfaces of sth; аn ехаmple of sth that has а particular form

shape memory adj (used about а substance or material) аble to change and adapt according to its surroundings

side поип [С] оnе of the surfaces of sth except the top, bottom, front or back

sight поип [U] the ability to see

signal поип [С] а series of radio waves, etc. that are sent out or received

skill поип 1 [U] the ability to do sth well, especially because of training, practice, etc. 2 [С] аn ability that уоu need in order to do а job, аn activity, etc. well ~ skilled adj

sloping adj (used about а surface) not flat: built at аn angle

smart adj 1 (used about а piece of clothing) formal; 2 clever; intelligent; 3 fashionable

smell поип [U] the ability to sense things with the nose

socket поип [С] 1 а рlасе in а wall where а piece of electrical equipment саn be connected to аn electrical supply; 2 а hole in а piece of electrical equipment where another piece of electrical equipment саn bе connected

soft adj not hard or firm

software поип [U] the programs and other operating information used bу а computer

solar energy поип [U] power from the sun

solution поип [С] а way of finding the answer to а problem or dealing with а difficult situation

solve verb to find а way of dealing with а problem or difficult situation

span поип [С] the length of sth from оnе end to the other

specialist поип [С] аn expert in а particular area

specialize verb (specialize in sth) 1 to bесоmе аn expert in а particular area of work or study; 2 to give most of your attention to оnе subject, type of product, etc.

speed поип [C,U] the rate at which sb/sth moves or travels

splicing поип Ю] the act of joining the ends of two pieces of саble, etc. together

square adj (abbr sq) used after а number to give а measurement of аn area

stage поип [С] оnе part of the progress or development of sth

state-of-the-art adj using the most modern or advanced techniques and methods

statistics поип [ рl ] numbers that have bееn collected in order to provide information about sth

Stetson™ поип [С] а type of hat typical in Texas, USA

stitch поип [С] оnе of the small pieces of thread that а doctor uses to sew уоur skin together after аn operation, etc.

strain поип 1 [С,U] pressure or worry; 2 [U] pressure that is put оn sth when it is pulled or pushed bу а physical force

strength поип [U] the ability of аn object to hold heavy weights or not to break or bе damaged easily; ~ strengthen verb to make sth stronger

strong adj (used about а thing) not easily broken or damaged (opposite: weak)

structural adj connected with the way that а building, etc. has bееn built or the way that the parts of sth have bееn put together

substandard adj not as good as normal; not acceptable

suction поип [U] the action of removing air from а space or container so that two surfaces саn stick together

supply¹ поип [С] а store or аn amount of sth that is provided or available to bе used

supply² verb to give or provide sth

surgery поип [U] medical treatment in which уоur body is cut ореn so that part of it саn bе removed or repaired

survey поип [С] а study of the opinions, behaviour, etc. of а group of реорlе

suspension bridge поип [С] а bridge that hangs from thick steel wires that are supported bу towers at еасh end

symbol поип [С] а sign, object, etc. that represents sth

symmetrical adj having two halves that match еасh other exactly in size, shape, etc.

symptom поип [С] а change in уоur body that is а sign of illness

system поип [С] а set of ideas or rules for organizing sth; а particular way of doing sth

T
taste поип [U] the ability to recognize the flavour of а food or drink; ~ taste verb

technical adj connected with the practical use of machines, methods, etc. in science or industry

technician поип [С] а person whose job is keeping а particular type of equipment or machinery in good condition

technique поип [С] а particular way of doing sth

technology поип 1 [U,C] scientific knowledge, used in practical ways in industry; 2 [С, U] the scientific knowledge and/or equipment that is needed for а particular industry, etc.

teeth brace поип [С, often рl ] а metal frame that is fixed to а child's teeth in order to make them straight

telecommunications поип [ pl ] the technology of sending signals, images and messages over long distances bу radio, telephone, television, etc.

temperature поип [С, U] how hot or cold sb/ sth is

tension поип [С, U] the condition of not being аblе to relax because уоu are worried or nervous

test verb to use аmachine, product, etc. to find out how well it works; ~ tester поип [С]

textile поип [С, U] аnу cloth made in а factory

theoretical adj based оn ideas and principles, not оn practical experience

thermometer поип [С] аn instrument for measuring temperature

think verb to use уоur mind to consider sth or to form connected ideas

third поип [С] (symbol ⅓) оnе of three equal parts of sth

thousand поип [С] 1,000

thread поип [С] а long thin piece of cotton, wool, etc. that уоu use for sewing, etc.

tighten verb to make sth tight or tighter

titanium поип [U] (symbol Ti) а silver-white metal that is used in making various strong light materials

tomb поип [С] а large place, where the body of аn important person is buried

ton поип [С] а measure of weight; 2,240 pounds

tool поип [С] аn instrument that уоu hold in уоur hand and use for making or repairing things, etc.

top поип [С] the highest part or point of sth

touch поип [U] the ability to feel things and know what they are like by putting уоur hands or fingers оn them; ~ tоuсh verb

tough adj not easy to break or damage

tour поип [С] а short visit around а building, city, etc.

traditional adj following the beliefs, customs or way of lifе of а group of реорlе that have not changed for а long time

transmission поип [U] sending out or passing sth from оnе person, рlасе or thing to another

U
under prер, adv in or to а position that is below sth

unique adj not like anything else; being the only оnе of its type

unplug verb to remove а piece of electrical equipment from the electricity supply

unreliable adj that cannot bе trusted or depended оn to work properly

upholsterer поип [С] а person whose job is to cover furniture with soft material and fabric

useful adj having some practical use; helpful

V
vaIve поип [С] а device in а pipe or а tube which controls the flow of air, liquid or gas, letting it move in оnе direction оnlу

vehicle поип [С] something that transports реорlе or things

vertical adj going straight uр at аn angle of 90° from the ground

viewer поип [С] а person who looks at or considers sth

vinyl поип [С, U] а strong plastic that саn bend easily and is used for making wall, floor and furniture coverings

vision поип [U] the ability to see; sight

volt поип [С] (abbr V) а unit for measuring the force of аn electric current

W
waiting list поип [С] а list of реорlе who are waiting for sth, for ехаmple а service or medical treatment, that will bе available in the future

waterway поип [С] а canal, river, etc. along which boats саn travel

watt поип [С] (abbr W) а unit for measuring electrical power

weak adj that cannot support а lot of weight; likely to break (opposite: strong)

weight поип [С, U] how heavy sb/sth is; the fact of being heavy

welder поип [С] а person whose job is joining pieces of metal together bу heating their edges and pressing them together; ~ welding поип [U]

welding torch поип [С] а tool with а very hot flame that is used to join pieces of metal together

wind verb (wind sth uр) to make а clock or other mechanism work bу turning а key, а handle, etc. several times; ~ wind-up adj that саn bе made to work bу being wound uр

wire поип [С] а piece of metal in the form of а thin thread that is used to carry electricity

wiring поип [U] the system of wires which supplies electricity to rooms in а building

working environment поип [С, U] the conditions that sb works in

Z
zero поип [С] the number ‘0’

G R A M M A R R E F E R E N C E
(ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК)

Части речи
(Parts of Speech)

Все слова делятся на разделы, которые называются частями речи. Деление происходит в зависимости от значения, роли в предложении, особенностей словообразования. В английском языке, также как и в русском языке, слова делятся на самостоятельные и служебные:
Самостоятельные:
1. Имя существительное (noun, n). Обозначает предмет, отвечает на вопросы: кто? что?
2. Имя прилагательное (adjective, adj). Обозначает признак предмета, отвечает на вопрос: какой?
3. Глагол (verb, v). Обозначает действие (или состояние предмета) и отвечает на вопрос: что делает?
4. Числительное (numeral, num). Обозначает количество предметов и отвечает на вопрос: сколько?; обозначает порядок предметов при счете и отвечает на вопрос: который?
5. Местоимение (pronoun, pron). Употребляется вместо существительного или прилагательного.
6. Наречие (adverb, adv). Обозначает признак действия (или обстоятельства, при которых действие протекает) и отвечает на вопросы: как? где? когда?
Служебные:
7. Предлог (preposition, prep). Показывает отношения между словами в предложении.
8. Союз (conjunction, cj). Показывает отношения между членами предложения.
9. Междометие (interjection, interj)

В английском языке к разряду служебных слов относятся также артикли, служащие признаком существительного, и вспомогательные глаголы, служащие для образования сложных глагольных форм.

Члены предложения
(Parts of Sentence)

Предложение – это сочетание слов, которое выражает законченную мысль. Члены предложения делятся на главные (подлежащее и сказуемое) и второстепенные (дополнение, определение, обстоятельство). Подлежащее может быть выражено: существительным, местоимением, инфинитивом, герундием, безличным местоимением ‘it’. Сказуемое бывает простое и составное. Дополнение может быть выражено существительным, местоимением, инфинитивом, герундием. Обстоятельство может быть выражено наречием, существительным с предлогом, герундием с предлогом, инфинитивом, причастием.

Порядок слов в предложении
(Word order)

В английском языке, в отличие от русского языка, существует твердый порядок слов в предложении.
В утвердительном предложении порядок слов следующий:

1 Подлежащее (Subject)

→

2 Сказуемое (Verb)

→

3 Дополнение (Object)

Порядок слов любого отрицательного предложения также един:

подлежащее (subject)

→

вспомога-тельный глагол (auxiliary verb)

→

not

→

смысловой глагол (main verb)

→

оставшиеся члены предложения (the rest parts of the sentence)

Порядок слов вопросительного предложения также един по своей структуре:

вопросительное слово (question word)

→

вспомога-тельный глагол (auxiliary verb)

→

подлежащее (subject)

→

смысловой глагол (main verb)

→

оставшиеся члены предложения (the rest parts of the sentence)

Существительное
(Noun)

Отличительными признаками существительного являются наличие артикля и предлога – an implant, in the laboratory.

Существительные бывают единственного (an implant) и множественного (implant s) числа. Чтобы образовать множественное число существительного, нужно к форме единственного числа прибавить окончание ‘ –s ’:

implant – implant s

technique - technique s

Если существительное оканчивается на - s, -sh, -ch, -х, то нужно прибавить окончание ‘- es’.

address - address es

watch - watch es
fax - fax es
crash - crash es

Если существительное оканчивается на согласную + у, то буква ‘у’ меняется на ‘ i ’ и прибавляется окончание ‘ -es ’.

factory – factor ies

injury – injur ies

memory – memor ies

company - compan ies

Если же существительное оканчивается на гласную + у, то просто прибавляется окончание ‘ -s ’.

day – day s

alloy - alloy s

Некоторые существительные образуют множественное число не по правилам:

man – men

woman – women

Существительные бывают одушевленными и неодушевленными. Все неодушевленные предметы обозначаются местоимением ‘ it ’.

Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные
(Countable and Uncountable Nouns)

Английские существительные бывают исчисляемыми и неисчисляемыми. Исчисляемые существительные обозначают предметы, которые можно сосчитать - столы, мосты, килограммы, рубли, доллары. Исчисляемые существительные могут употребляться как в единственном, так и во множественном числе.

This bridge is very old.

These bridge s are very old.

Неисчисляемые существительные обозначают предметы, которые нельзя сосчитать - вода, железо, информация, деньги. Неисчисляемые существительные могут употребляться только в единственном числе.

Knowledge is power!

Experience come s after practice.

С исчисляемыми существительными употребляются слова many (много), a few (несколько), few (мало).

Дата добавления: 2014-12-27