Упр.8 Переведите предложения. Примените все возможные способы перевода герундия и выберите для каждого случая наиболее подходящий

Упр.7 Переведите предложения. Запомните, что герундиальный оборот обычно переводится с помощью придаточного предложения, которое вводится словами «то, что…» в соответствующем падеже или существительным с предлогом.

Упр.6 Переведите предложения, применив возможные способы перевода герундия. Укажите, по каким признакам, в каждом отдельном случае, можно установить, что выделенная глагольная форма является герундием.

B.

А.

Упр.5 Переведите группы слов (А.) и предложения (В.), обращая вниманиена перевод предлога перед герундием.

Герундий в функции обстоятельства

Герундию в функции обстоятельства всегда предшествует предлог. Перевод предлога перед герундием в этом случае не определяется предшествующим глаголом, существительным или прилагательным:

For determining and analyzing the rocket performance…	Для определения и анализа характеристик ракеты…
By varying the distance between…	Посредством изменения расстояния между

Чаще всего перед герундием в функции обстоятельства употребляются следующие предлоги: by -«путем», «при помощи», «посредством»; for - «для», through - «благодаря», «из-за»; before - «до»; after - «после»; without - «без». Предлог in перед герундием переводится предлогом «при», предлоги on – «по», «после» и upon - «после», «при».

In making observations…	При проведении наблюдений…
Upon returning to the Earth…	После возвращения на Землю…

1 in accelerating the aircraft…

2 in solving the problem…

3 upon returning to the Earth…

4 upon calculating the speed…

5 on pressing the lever…

6 on connecting the wires…

7 by igniting the mixture…

8 by applying this method…

9 without increasing the speed…

10 without using oxygen…

1 In rotating the magnet, we also rotate its magnetic field.

2 Rocket-thrust can provide valuable assistance in accelerating an aircraft.

3 Upon absorbing a quantum of energy from some outside source, an electron jumps to a higher level.

4 Upon reaching the injectors, the fuel is mixed with the oxidizer.

5 On connecting a galvanometer to the circuit we shall see that there is an electric current flowing.

6 A steam engine is driven by introducing steam into cylinders.

7 We begin our study of algebra by developing the idea of a vector space.

8 A glider is designed to fly without using the power plant.

Перед герундием употребляются также сложные предлоги: instead of – «вместо», in spite of - «не смотря на», in addition to – «кроме», because of - «из-за», with a view to – «с целью» и некоторые другие.

Because of its having high resistance…

Из-за того, что он (проводник) обладает большим сопротивлением…

Герундий в функции обстоятельства можно переводить или существительным с предлогом (как видно из примеров, приведенных выше), или деепричастием:

By thoroughly conducting the experiment we obtained…

Тщательно проведя опыт, мы добились получения…

В последнем случае предлог, стоящий перед герундием, опускается. Исключение составляет предлог without, который переводится частицей «не»:

It is difficult to increase the efficiency of the engine without its becoming heavier.

Трудно увеличить коэффициент полезного действия двигателя, не увеличивая его веса.

Для перевода герундия используется:

1 Существительное:

The device for measuring the strength of the current is called ammeter.	Прибор для измерения силы тока называется амперметром.
By the end of the 18^th century the method of making rockets had become immensely developed.	К концу 18 века метод изготовления ракет был в значительной степени усовершенствован.

2 Инфинитив:

A switch is a device for making a gap in a circuit.

Выключатель – это устройство, применяемое для того, чтобы сделать в цепи разрыв.

3 Деепричастие:

We can increase the current by reducingthe resistance of the circuit.

Мы можем увеличить силу тока, снижая сопротивление цепи.

4 Придаточное предложение, которое вводится союзом «то, что» в соответствующем падеже.

При этом, если между предлогом и герундием стоит притяжательное местоимение или существительное (в общем или притяжательном падеже), образующее вместе с герундием герундиальный оборот, то оно при переводе становится подлежащим, а герундий – сказуемым.

A solar sail derives its propulsive force from the pressure due to the sun’s light falling on a sail.	Солнечный парус получает движущую силу за счет давления, вызванного тем, что на парус падает солнечный свет.
The main disadvantage of early rockets resulted from the rockets being inaccurate.	Основной недостаток первых ракет заключался в том, что эти ракеты не обладали необходимой точностью попадания(были неточными).

Помните, что глагольная форма с окончанием – ing является герундием, (а не причастием I), если перед ней стоит предлог, притяжательное местоимение или существительное в притяжательном падеже, а также если данная глагольная форма выполняет функцию подлежащего или дополнения.

1 We can increase the current by reducing the resistance of the circuit.

2 Gases and liquids return to their original form as soon as the applied force has stopped acting.

3 The problem of accurately measuring the height of the aircraft above the surface of the Earth is a difficult one.

4 Translating from one language to another has been accomplished by automatic computer.

5 There are various ways of charging a body with electricity.

6 Leaving the Earth means moving upwards against gravity, and this requires work.

7 The Moon keeps moving without slowing down considerably.

8 Before considering the process of converting the image into an electrical signal, it is necessary to consider the elements that make up a picture.

9 Landing on a celestial body that has no atmosphere can only be done by means of retrorockets.

10 This aircraft has proved to be exceedingly useful for pilots training.

11 Lunik II made history by actually hitting the Moon on September 14,1959.

12 A car is capable of accelerating from rest to a speed of 60 mi/hr in 10 sec.

1When a fast neutron strikes nucleus the probability of its being captured¹ by that nucleus is very small.

2 The less stable a chemical compound, the greater is the chance of its being transformed into another or several other compounds.

3 Launching a vehicle at greater than Earth escape velocity results in the vehicle’s taking up an independent orbit around the Sun.

4 When an airplane flies at subsonic speed, the air ahead is warned² of the airplane’s coming by a pressure change transmitted ahead of the airplane at the speed of sound.

5 The velocity of a moving object can change by its speeding up, slowing down, or changing its direction of motion.

6 The picture of atom’s losing electrons was revolutionary at the time of Thomson’s discovery (1897) because it involved the new idea that the electron is an essential part of a neutron atom, a part which in electric discharges may be torn off.

¹ capture - захватывать

² warn – зд.оповещать

1 In selecting the propellant combinations, chamber pressures and temperatures must be considered.

2 The Mendeleyev’s table was used as a guide in determining many chemical and physical properties of elements even before their existence was known by direct observation.

3 Despite a long period of preparation the Germans did not succeed in solving the problem of directional control of rockets in the course of World War II.

4 During World War I the Germans used large powder rockets by sending them across enemy defences.

5 One of the most effective aid to planning is simulating.

6 There are in existence today a wide variety of instruments capable of detecting and measuring the various types of radiation.

7 The ancient Greeks were trying to explain the movements of the planets by assuming the Earth to be the center of the universe.

8 It is worth nothing that whenever balloons will do the job it is uneconomical to use rocket-propelled vehicles instead.

9 This aircraft has proved to be exceedingly useful for training.

10 The idea of carrying heavy armour on fighting airplanes appeared in the second half of World War I.

11 The early powder mixtures of the Chinese were good for driving rockets (as they burned rather slowly) but useless for bombs.

12 Computing a reactor shield¹ is a very complicated process if maximum accuracy is required.

13 Mozhaisky is famous for having constructed the first prototype of a monoplane.

14 Connecting two conductors of the same material and of the same length and size in parallel has the same effect as a single conductor twice as large as either of the two.

15 In ramjets combustion is continuous after having been started.

16 Before being exhausted from the ion rocket, the positive ion beam must be neutralized.

17 The problem of rockets coming down in places where they should not is particularly serious in the case of a meteorological rocket.

18 Luna 16 remained on the Moon for 26 hr 25 min and in addition to obtaining rock samples² made measurements f temperature.

19 We shall discuss first Bohr’s theory because it contains some of the basic concepts of wave mechanics and avoids³ the complicated mathematics. It therefore avoids the necessity of the reader accepting results he cannot derive.

20 Understanding the mechanics of the Sun has more than academic interest.

21 Obtaining trajectory data is not usually a problem when the launching takes place at an established rocket launching site.

22 Before examining in detail the circuits of each part of the television receiver, it will be helpful to have in mind the overall picture of its operation.

23 The Sun was especially quiet shortly after launching the satellite, being indeed quite free of sunspots.

24 After being launched towards the Moon from parking orbit on 12 September, the automatic station Luna 16 was put into lunar orbit at a height of approximately 110 km on 17 September.

25 Information about the distribution of nuclear charge has been obtained by carefully studying the optical spectra.

26 Units of area and volume can be obtained by squaring and cubing, respectively, and unit of length.

27 For light passing from water into air, the critical angle in the water is 49‎‎^ₒ.

28 Although designed for military purposes this rocket, launched vertically, was capable of carrying a payload to an altitude of 100 km.

29 Ultraviolet light is far more effective in producing chemical reactions than visible light.

30 There are considerable advantages for many purposes in launching rockets from balloons. As an example, a rocket capable of reaching an altitude of only 15 km when launched from the ground will reach 100 km when launched from a balloon at a height of 80,000 ft.

¹ shield-защита

² rock sample-образец скальных пород

³ avoid- избегать, обходиться без чего-либо

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